Biofilm Formation by Uropathogens and Its Impact on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26555/eshr.v4i2.4669Keywords:
Urinary tract infections, Tube adherence method, Congo red agar method, Antibacterial agents 4.Abstract
Background: Out of all Hospital-Associated Infections (HAIs),Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the second most common infection that accounts for approximately 34%, and 80% are associated with indwelling catheters and hence with biofilm formation, which invites multi-drug resistant microorganisms. The present study was designed to study in-vitro biofilm forming uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital in north India.
Method:The present cross-sectional study consisted of 200 urine specimens collected over one year from patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Following their isolation and identification, all the isolates were subjected to screening for biofilm formation by Congo Red Agar (CRA) and the Tube Adherence (TA) methods. Subsequently, the Kirby Bauer-disk diffusion method performed the antimicrobial susceptibility test.
Results: Out of the total samples (n = 200), a total of 46 (23%) were positive by the CRA method, while 33 (16.5%) were positive by the TA method. Twenty-one (21%) isolates came positive by both methods. Biofilm formation was seen more commonly in females (82%). Biofilm-forming uropathogens develop significantly higher resistance to antimicrobial drugs than non-producers.
Conclusion: The correlation was significant between biofilm production and multidrug resistance. Also, it was concluded that the CRA method could be employed to detect biofilm formation in resource-limited countries.
References
Chu CM, Lowder JL. Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections across age groups. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2018;219(1):40–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.231
M. Mehta, S. Bhardwaj and JS. Screening of urinary isolates for the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteria other than Escherichia coli. Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. 2013;3(1):100–4.
O′Gara JP and Humphreys H. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: Importance and implications. J Med Microbiol. 2001;50(582):7.
V S, Ali F, Lokare N, Matew J. Diabetic foot ulcers and biofilm formation- The culprits. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2016;7(9):428.
Heukelekian H HA. Relation between food concentration and surface for bacterial growth. J Bacteriol. 1940;40:547–58.
Costerton JW, Geesey GG CK-J. How bacteria stick. Sci Am. 1978;238:86–95.
Tenke P, Kovacs B JM and NE. The role of biofilm infection in urology. World J Urol. 2006;24(1):13–20.
Joo H.S. OM. Molecular basis of in vivo biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens. Chem Biol. 2012;19(12):1503–13.
L K. Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:999–1007.
Donlan RM. Biofilms and Device-Associated Infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(2):277–81.
Stickler DJ. Bacterial biofilms and the encrustation of urethral catheters. Biofouling. 1996;94:293–305.
Keren I, Kaldalu N, Spoering A, Wang Y LK. Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004;230:13–8.
Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR KC. New method for detecting slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42(8):872–4.
Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL BE. Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun. 1982;37(1):318–26.
Institute CLS. Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 24th Information Supplement. NCCLS Document M100-S24. Wayne, Pennsylvania. USA Clin Lab Stand Inst. 2014.
Madigan E and Neff DF. Care of the patients with long-term indwelling urinary catheters. Online J Issues Nurs. 2003;8(3):7.
Kashef N, Djavid GE SS. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogens in Tehran. Iran J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;14(4):202–6.
Niveditha S, Pramodini S, Umadevi S, Kumar S SS. The Isolation and the Biofilm Formation of Uropathogens in the Patients with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). J Clin Boil Res. 2012;6(9):1478–82.
Noor AF, Shams F, Munshi SK, Hassan M NR. Prevalence and antibiogram profile of uropathogenic isolated from hospital and community patients with urinary tract infections in Dhaka City. J Bangladesh Acad Sci. 2013;37(1):52–63.
Hassan A, Usman J, Kaleem F, Omair M, Khalid A IM. Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in the clinical isolates. Braz J Infect Dis. 2011;15(4):305–11.
Rewatkar AR and Wadher BJ. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Biofilm formation Methods. J Pharm Biol Sci. 2013;8(5):36–40.
Panda PS, Chaudhary U DS. Study of biofilm production and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2016;3(9):2421–6.
Tiwari AA and Ghnawate N. Detection of Biofilm Forming Bacterial Communities from Urinary Catheter of Patients with Change in Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Triclosan Effect from Different Hospitals of Amravati City Maharashtra, India. Open J Med Microbio. 2017;7(3):51–66.
Yousefi M, Pourmand MR, Fallah F, Hashemi A, Mashhadi R N-AA. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation in Urinary Tract Infection. Iran J Public Heal. 2016;45(4):485–93.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Priyanka Sharma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with ESHR agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
