Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR)

The Importance of UACR (Urinary Albumin Creatinine Ratio) Examination in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Systematic Review

Tetrina Purtaria — 2024-12-18

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition causing elevated blood glucose levels, leading to microvascular and macrovascular consequences. It is a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diabetes causes diabetic nephropathy, which is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is a clinically used tool to evaluate albuminuria and prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy. ACR measurements are predictive markers for renal outcomes, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in diabetics. Microalbuminuria, a condition characterized by 30 to 300 mg/g in spot urine, is an independent predictor of coronary artery disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. This systematic review aimed to understand the role of ACR (albumin creatinine ratio) urine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the published article.

Method: The systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Sage Journal to search for articles on urinary albumin creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The search used keyword, inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen the article. 10 articles met our criteria and were included in this research.

Results: ACR (albumin creatinine ratio) levels are linked to cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and high UACR (urinary albumin creatinine ratio levels are linked to an increased risk of CKD (chronic kidney diseases). The patient's diabetes duration also impacts ACR levels. The KDI is a composite of eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) and ACR risk variables with a clear linear relationship with all three outcomes. It may aid in the identification of high-risk individuals who will benefit the most from prophylactic medications.

Conclusion: Patients should be taught how better blood glucose and albuminuria control might help delay the progression of CKD. The male sex is protective; however, most female patients were postmenopausal with low estrogen levels, eliminating any potential renoprotective advantage. Dipsticks may be used for UACR testing, making it more convenient.

Accumulation of Biological and Behavioral Data of Female Sex Workers Using Respondent-Driven Sampling Around the World: Systematic Review

Mihir Bhatta — 2024-12-19

Background: Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) is generally used to study hidden or hard-to-reach populations. The objective of the present work is to describe the initiation, implementation, and complications that arise during RDS of female sex workers (FSWs) around the world.

Method: Behavioural and biological data of FSWs collected through RDS was mined from peer-reviewed articles, published during 2010-2022. Review protocol was developed and registered in the PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022346470) and published separately.

Results: It was found that most of the RDS (69 articles, globally) were largely successful in the recruitment of FSWs, with varying response rates.

Conclusion: Present outcomes supports the application of RDS in surveillance for any such population by providing a minimal set of parameters of testing procedures (methodology) including methods to evaluate the quality also.

Household Contacts as Risk Factor for Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ardyawati Wira Oktaviana — 2024-08-02

Background: Tuberculosis (TBC), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an infectious disease that is still a global problem. Indonesia has a high burden of pulmonary tuberculosis and is ranked second in the world with the highest number of TBC sufferers after India. Tuberculosis is transmitted through infected droplets when coughing or sneezing, and close contact is very susceptible to the transmission process and other supporting factors. This study aims to determine the risk factors for TBC.

Method: This study used a cross-sectional research design with Chi-Square analysis and continued with multivariate analysis and logistic Regression. The sample consisted of 430 respondents obtained using the Accidental Sampling technique.

Results: Factors associated with TBC in the Kapanewon Depok area were age (RP: 2.086; 95% CI: 1.247-3.490; p= 0.006), gender (RP: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.302-3.393; p= 0.003), family income (RP: 3.593; 95% CI: 2.322-5.560; p= 0.000), history of household contact (RP: 8.438; 95% CI: 5.737-12.410; p= 0.000), and history of close contact (RP: 3.881; 95% CI: 2.49-6.051; p= 0.000). The factor that has the most influence on the incidence of TBC is a history of household contact with a value of Exp(B)=17.699.

Conclusion: Risk factors for pulmonary TBC in the Kapanewon Depok area are age, gender, family income, history of household contact, and history of close contact. A relationship, namely the history of household contact, has the most influence on the incidence of TBC in the Kapanewon Depok area.

Exploring the Relationship Between Nutrition Status, Reproductive Health Knowledge, and Anemia in Adolescent Girls in Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta

Mustika Cahya Nirmala Dewinta — 2024-11-30

Background: The issue of anaemia continues to be a significant public health concern requiring attention, mainly due to its increasing prevalence. In Sleman District, it has been observed that the prevalence of anaemia among adolescents has significantly risen from 2016 to 2018. This phenomenon underscores the interconnectedness of nutritional status, reproductive health, and anaemia, especially among adolescent girls. Adolescents, particularly girls, require sufficient nutritional intake to navigate the challenges associated with their physiological changes, particularly those related to the reproductive system. Nutritional status plays a crucial role in influencing reproductive system disorders, impacting menstrual irregularities, and closely intertwining with the occurrence of anaemia among adolescent girls. This paper highlights the relationship between nutrition status, reproductive health knowledge, and anaemia in Depok, Sleman, and Yogyakarta adolescent girls.

Method: The study employed a cross-sectional method to explore data concerning nutritional status and reproductive health knowledge variables. The study was conducted on 108 female junior high school students aged 10-15 years in 3 schools in the Depok Sleman District. Sampling was done using accidental sampling. Data was collected at the schools by measuring anthropometry (body weight, height, BMI), checking haemoglobin (Hb), and filling out questionnaires on knowledge and dietary patterns.

Results: It was found that there was no significant relationship between nutritional status and anaemia status in adolescents (p-value 0.75). Analysis of the relationship between knowledge related to reproductive health and anaemia status also revealed no significant relationship (p-value 0.772).

Conclusion: The study concluded that no significant relationship exists between nutrition status, knowledge related to reproductive health, and anaemia status in adolescent girls. Although the results of this study did not show a significant relationship, the urgency for adolescents to maintain nutritional status and increase knowledge about anaemia prevention remains essential in the effort to prevent anaemia. A comprehensive anaemia prevention program must be implemented through collaboration among schools, health authorities, and the community.