Investigating writing difficulties in essay writing: Tertiary students’ perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v4i1.2371Keywords:
writing difficulties, essay, tertiary students, EFLAbstract
This study is primarily designed for investigating the tertiary students’ perspectives on the writing difficulties of essays. This study was conducted in explanatory research in which quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from the web-based questionnaire and semi-structured interview, then analyzed separately. 21 undergraduate students have enrolled in the survey and 6 of them were invited to the interview section. This research reveals tertiary students' problems in essay writing course are categorized into: affective problems which raise from students’ and lecturers’ attitude while teaching and learning Essay Writing Course, cognitive problems that considered as the difficulties in the areas of writing viewpoint, transferring language, and the process of writing, and linguistic problems in the area of lexico-grammar, vocabulary, and the structure of the essay. Due to the findings, those aspects of academic writing should be serious attention for both EFL students and teachers to overcome the problems. The findings of this study have implications for EFL writing course designers as basic data of material improvement and for researchers particularly in the realms of language and education.
References
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Abderraouf, A. (2016). Investigating EFL Students’ Writing Difficulties and Common Errors in Writing [Master Thesis]. University of Bejaia.
Abouabdelkader, H., & Ahmed, A. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching EFL Writing in The 21st Century Arab World: Realities and Challenges. Springer Nature. 10.1057/978-1-137-46726-3
Ahmed, A. H. (2010). Students’ Problems with Cohesion and Coherence in EFL Essay Writing in Egypt: Different Perspectives. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal, 1(4), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.20533/licej.2040.2589.2010.0030
Al Khazraji, A. (2019). Analysis of Discourse Markers in Essays Writing in ESL Classroom. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12235a
Al-Jaro, M., Al-Quiadhi, A. M., & Ramadhan, K. Y. (2016). The Effect of Prewriting Techniques on Yemeni EFL Tertiary Learners’ Writing Skills. Academic Journal, Special volume, 112–126.
Aloairdhi, N. M. (2019). Writing Anxiety Among Saudi Female Learners at Some Saudi Universities. English Language Teaching, 12(9), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n9p55
Altınmakas, D., & Bayyurt, Y. (2019). An Exploratory Study on Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students’ Academic Writing Practices in Turkey. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 37, 88–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.11.006
Anwar, M. N., & Ahmed, N. (2016). Students’ Difficulties in Learning Writing Skills In Second Language. 28(4), 735–739.
Ariyanti. (2016). The Teaching of EFL Writing in Indonesia. Dinamika Ilmu, 16(2), 263–277.
Ariyanti, A., & Fitriana, R. (2017). EFL Students’ Difficulties and Needs in Essay Writing. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. International Conference on Teacher Training and Education 2017 (ICTTE 2017), Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictte-17.2017.4
Asadifard, A., & Koosha, M. (2013). EFL Instructors and Student Writers’ Perceptions on Academic Writing Reluctance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(9), 1572–1578. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.9.1572-1578
Bailey, S. (2006). Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students (Second Edition). Rouledge.
Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students (Third Edition). Rouledge.
Bakry, M. S., & Alsamadani, H. A. (2015). Improving the Persuasive Essay Writing of Students of Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL): Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 182, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.742
Bereiter, C., & Scardmalia, M. (1987). The Psychology of Written Composition. In The Psychology of Education and Instruction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bitchener, J. (2008). Evidence in Support of Written Corrective Feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(2), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.004
Brown, H. D. (2000). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (Second Edition). Pearson.
Brown, K., & Hood, S. (1993). Writing Matters: Writing Skills and Strategies for Students of English. Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, C. L., & Kresyman, S. (2015). Aligning Business and Education: 21st Century Skill Preparation. E-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 9(2), 15.
Ceylan, N. O. (2019). Student perceptions of difficulties in second language writing. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.547683
Chen, S., Nassaji, H., & Liu, Q. (2016). EFL Learners’ Perceptions and Preferences of Written Corrective Feedback: A Case Study of University Students from Mainland China. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-016-0010-y
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Mthods Approaches (fourth Edition). SAGE Publication.
Cumming, A. (1998). Theoretical Perspectives on Writing. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500003482
Cumming, A. (2001). Learning to Write in A Second Language: Two Decades of Research. International Journal of English Studies, 1(2), 1–23.
Erkan, D. Y., & Saban, A. İ. (2011). Writing Performance Relative to Writing Apprehension, Self-Efficacy in Writing, and Attitudes towards Writing: A Correlational Study in Turkish Tertiary Level EFL. Asian EFL Journal, 13(1), 164–192.
Fareed, M., Ashraf, A., & Bilal, M. (2016). ESL Learners’ Writing Skills: Problems, Factors and Suggestions. Journal of Education & Social Sciences, 4(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.20547/jess0421604201
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (Sixth Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Fu, Q.-K., Lin, C.-J., Hwang, G.-J., & Zhang, L. (2019). Impacts of a Mind Mapping-Based Contextual Gaming Approach on EFL Students’ Writing Performance, Learning Perceptions and Generative uses in an English Course [Accepted Manuscript].
Ginting, S. A. (2019). Lexical Formation Error in the Descriptive Writing of Indonesian Tertiary EFL Learners. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.1.11
Hajeid, M. R. (2018). Developing Students Essay Writing. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 11(12), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n12p101
Hasan, J., & Marzuki, M. (2017). An Analysis of Student’s Ability in Writing at Riau University Pekanbaru—Indonesia. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(5), 380–388. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0705.08
Hosseini, M., Taghizadeh, M. E., Abedin, M. J. Z., & Naseri, E. (2013). In the Importance of EFL Learners’ writing Skill: Is there any Relation between Writing Skill and Content Score of English Essay Test? International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.6.1
Hu, G. (2005). English Language Education in China: Policies, Progress, and Problems. Language Policy, 4(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-004-6561-7
Hyland, K. (2008). Writing Theories and Writing Pedagogies. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(2), 91–110.
Jabali, O. (2018). Students’ attitudes towards EFL university writing: A case study at An-Najah National University, Palestine. Heliyon, 4, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018. e00896
Javadi-Safa, A. (2018). A Brief Overview of Key Issues in Second Language Writing Teaching and Research. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.2p.15
Javed, M., Juan, W. X., & Nazli, S. (2013). A Study of Students’ Assessment in Writing Skills of the English Language. International Journal of Instruction, 6(2), 130–144.
Jebreil, N., Azizifar, A., & Gowhary, H. (2015). Investigating the Effect of Anxiety of Male and Female Iranian EFL Learners on their Writing Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.360
Johannessen, L. R. (2001). Teaching Thinking and Writing for a New Century. The English Journal, 90(6), 38. https://doi.org/10.2307/822054
Kara, S. (2013). Writing Anxiety: A Case Study on Students’ Reasons for Anxiety in Writing Classes. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 3(1), 103–111.
Kieft, M., Rijlaarsdam, G., & van den Bergh, H. (2006). Writing as A Learning Tool: Testing The Role of Students’ Writing Strategies. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 21(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173567
Latif, M. M. A. (2012). Sources of L2 Writing Apprehension: A Study of Egyptian University Students. Journal of Research in Reading, 00(00), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01549.x
Lee, I., Mak, P., & Burns, A. (2015). Bringing Innovation to Conventional Feedback Approaches in EFL Secondary Writing Classrooms. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 14(2), 140–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ETPC-02-2015-0004
Linse, C. T. (2005). Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners (D. Nunan, Ed.; International Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mahbub, Moh. A. (2018). English Teaching in Vocational High School: A Need Analysis. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 5(2), 229–258. https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v5i2.835
McCune, V. (2004). Development of First-Year Students’ Conceptions of Essay Writing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 47, 257–282.
Mccutchen, D. (1984). Writing As A Linguistic Problem. Educational Psychologist, 19(4), 226–238.
Meslissorgou, M. N., & Frantzi, K. T. (2015). Testing writing in EFL exams: The learners’ viewpoint as valuable feedback for improvement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 0–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.483
Meyer, B. J. F. (1982). Reading Research and the Composition Teacher: The Importance of Plans. National Council of Teachers of English, 33(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/357843
Meyers, A. (2014). Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Papers. Pearson Education.
Miftah, M. Z. (2015). Enhancing Writing Ability Through Idea Listing Technique. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 2(1), 62–83.
Naghdipour, B. (2016). English Writing Instruction in Iran: Implications for Second Language Writing Curriculum and Pedagogy. Journal of Second Language Writing, 32, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2016.05.001
Nugraheni, D. A., & Basya, D. (2018). Exploring EFL Students’ Writing Difficulties: From Dimensions to Errors. SNasPPM, 3, 6.
Okpe, A. A., & Onjewu, M. A. (2017). Difficulties of Learning Essay Writing: The Perspective of Some Adult EFL Learners in Nigeria. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 9(2), 198–205.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
O’Neill, K. S., & Gravois, R. (2017). Using a Focus on Revision to Improve Students’ Writing Skills. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 19, 12.
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (Fourth Edition). Pearson Longman.
Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language Learning Styles and Strategies: An Overview. In Learning Styles & Strategies (pp. 1–25). Walter de Gruyter.
Phuket, P. R. N., & Othman, N. B. (2015). Understanding EFL Students’ Errors in Writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(32), 99–106.
Reichelt, M. (2005). English-Language Writing Instruction in Poland. Journal of Second Language Writing, 14(4), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2005.10.005
Sabarun. (2019). Needs Analysis on Developing EFL Paragraph Writing Materials at Kalimantan L2 learners. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n1p186
Sadek, N. (2018). The Effect of Self-Assessment as a Revision Technique on Egyptian EFL Students’ Expository Essay Writing. In A. Ahmed & H. Abouabdelkader (Eds.), Assessing EFL Writing in the 21st Century Arab World (pp. 21–52). Springer Nature.
Toba, R., Noor, W. N., & Sanu, L. O. (2019). The Current Issues of Indonesian EFL Students’ Writing Skills: Ability, Problem, and Reason in Writing Comparison and Contrast Essay. Dinamika Ilmu, 19(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1506
Tseng, C. C. (2019). Senior High School Teachers’ Beliefs About EFL Writing Instruction. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 16(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.30397/TJTESOL.201904_16(1).0001
Van Geyte, E. (2013). Writing: Learn to Write Better Academic Essays (First Edition). HarperCollins Publishers.
Wei, Z.-F., Shang, H.-F., & Briody, P. (2012). The Relationship between English Writing Ability Levels and EFL Learners’ Metacognitive Behavior in the Writing Process. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1(4), 27.
Winarto, A. E. (2015). Training of Learning Strategies in Writing Essay. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v2i2.96
Yang, L. (2016). Languaging in story rewriting tasks by Chinese EFL students. Language Awareness, 25(3), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2016.1197230
Zhan, H. (2015). Frequent Errors in Chinese EFL Learners’ Topic-Based Writings. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 8(5), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n5p72
Abderraouf, A. (2016). Investigating EFL Students’ Writing Difficulties and Common Errors in Writing [Master Thesis]. University of Bejaia.
Abouabdelkader, H., & Ahmed, A. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching EFL Writing in The 21st Century Arab World: Realities and Challenges. Springer Nature. 10.1057/978-1-137-46726-3
Ahmed, A. H. (2010). Students’ Problems with Cohesion and Coherence in EFL Essay Writing in Egypt: Different Perspectives. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal, 1(4), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.20533/licej.2040.2589.2010.0030
Al Khazraji, A. (2019). Analysis of Discourse Markers in Essays Writing in ESL Classroom. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12235a
Al-Jaro, M., Al-Quiadhi, A. M., & Ramadhan, K. Y. (2016). The Effect of Prewriting Techniques on Yemeni EFL Tertiary Learners’ Writing Skills. Academic Journal, Special volume, 112–126.
Aloairdhi, N. M. (2019). Writing Anxiety Among Saudi Female Learners at Some Saudi Universities. English Language Teaching, 12(9), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n9p55
Altınmakas, D., & Bayyurt, Y. (2019). An Exploratory Study on Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students’ Academic Writing Practices in Turkey. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 37, 88–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2018.11.006
Anwar, M. N., & Ahmed, N. (2016). Students’ Difficulties in Learning Writing Skills In Second Language. 28(4), 735–739.
Ariyanti. (2016). The Teaching of EFL Writing in Indonesia. Dinamika Ilmu, 16(2), 263–277.
Ariyanti, A., & Fitriana, R. (2017). EFL Students’ Difficulties and Needs in Essay Writing. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. International Conference on Teacher Training and Education 2017 (ICTTE 2017), Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/ictte-17.2017.4
Asadifard, A., & Koosha, M. (2013). EFL Instructors and Student Writers’ Perceptions on Academic Writing Reluctance. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(9), 1572–1578. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.9.1572-1578
Bailey, S. (2006). Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students (Second Edition). Rouledge.
Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students (Third Edition). Rouledge.
Bakry, M. S., & Alsamadani, H. A. (2015). Improving the Persuasive Essay Writing of Students of Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL): Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 182, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.742
Bereiter, C., & Scardmalia, M. (1987). The Psychology of Written Composition. In The Psychology of Education and Instruction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bitchener, J. (2008). Evidence in Support of Written Corrective Feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(2), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.004
Brown, H. D. (2000). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (Second Edition). Pearson.
Brown, K., & Hood, S. (1993). Writing Matters: Writing Skills and Strategies for Students of English. Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, C. L., & Kresyman, S. (2015). Aligning Business and Education: 21st Century Skill Preparation. E-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 9(2), 15.
Ceylan, N. O. (2019). Student perceptions of difficulties in second language writing. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.547683
Chen, S., Nassaji, H., & Liu, Q. (2016). EFL Learners’ Perceptions and Preferences of Written Corrective Feedback: A Case Study of University Students from Mainland China. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-016-0010-y
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Mthods Approaches (fourth Edition). SAGE Publication.
Cumming, A. (1998). Theoretical Perspectives on Writing. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500003482
Cumming, A. (2001). Learning to Write in A Second Language: Two Decades of Research. International Journal of English Studies, 1(2), 1–23.
Erkan, D. Y., & Saban, A. İ. (2011). Writing Performance Relative to Writing Apprehension, Self-Efficacy in Writing, and Attitudes towards Writing: A Correlational Study in Turkish Tertiary Level EFL. Asian EFL Journal, 13(1), 164–192.
Fareed, M., Ashraf, A., & Bilal, M. (2016). ESL Learners’ Writing Skills: Problems, Factors and Suggestions. Journal of Education & Social Sciences, 4(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.20547/jess0421604201
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (Sixth Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Fu, Q.-K., Lin, C.-J., Hwang, G.-J., & Zhang, L. (2019). Impacts of a Mind Mapping-Based Contextual Gaming Approach on EFL Students’ Writing Performance, Learning Perceptions and Generative uses in an English Course [Accepted Manuscript].
Ginting, S. A. (2019). Lexical Formation Error in the Descriptive Writing of Indonesian Tertiary EFL Learners. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.1.11
Hajeid, M. R. (2018). Developing Students Essay Writing. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 11(12), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n12p101
Hasan, J., & Marzuki, M. (2017). An Analysis of Student’s Ability in Writing at Riau University Pekanbaru—Indonesia. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 7(5), 380–388. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0705.08
Hosseini, M., Taghizadeh, M. E., Abedin, M. J. Z., & Naseri, E. (2013). In the Importance of EFL Learners’ writing Skill: Is there any Relation between Writing Skill and Content Score of English Essay Test? International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.6.1
Hu, G. (2005). English Language Education in China: Policies, Progress, and Problems. Language Policy, 4(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-004-6561-7
Hyland, K. (2008). Writing Theories and Writing Pedagogies. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(2), 91–110.
Jabali, O. (2018). Students’ attitudes towards EFL university writing: A case study at An-Najah National University, Palestine. Heliyon, 4, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018. e00896
Javadi-Safa, A. (2018). A Brief Overview of Key Issues in Second Language Writing Teaching and Research. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.2p.15
Javed, M., Juan, W. X., & Nazli, S. (2013). A Study of Students’ Assessment in Writing Skills of the English Language. International Journal of Instruction, 6(2), 130–144.
Jebreil, N., Azizifar, A., & Gowhary, H. (2015). Investigating the Effect of Anxiety of Male and Female Iranian EFL Learners on their Writing Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.360
Johannessen, L. R. (2001). Teaching Thinking and Writing for a New Century. The English Journal, 90(6), 38. https://doi.org/10.2307/822054
Kara, S. (2013). Writing Anxiety: A Case Study on Students’ Reasons for Anxiety in Writing Classes. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 3(1), 103–111.
Kieft, M., Rijlaarsdam, G., & van den Bergh, H. (2006). Writing as A Learning Tool: Testing The Role of Students’ Writing Strategies. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 21(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173567
Latif, M. M. A. (2012). Sources of L2 Writing Apprehension: A Study of Egyptian University Students. Journal of Research in Reading, 00(00), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01549.x
Lee, I., Mak, P., & Burns, A. (2015). Bringing Innovation to Conventional Feedback Approaches in EFL Secondary Writing Classrooms. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 14(2), 140–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ETPC-02-2015-0004
Linse, C. T. (2005). Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners (D. Nunan, Ed.; International Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mahbub, Moh. A. (2018). English Teaching in Vocational High School: A Need Analysis. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 5(2), 229–258. https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v5i2.835
McCune, V. (2004). Development of First-Year Students’ Conceptions of Essay Writing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 47, 257–282.
Mccutchen, D. (1984). Writing As A Linguistic Problem. Educational Psychologist, 19(4), 226–238.
Meslissorgou, M. N., & Frantzi, K. T. (2015). Testing writing in EFL exams: The learners’ viewpoint as valuable feedback for improvement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 0–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.483
Meyer, B. J. F. (1982). Reading Research and the Composition Teacher: The Importance of Plans. National Council of Teachers of English, 33(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/357843
Meyers, A. (2014). Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Papers. Pearson Education.
Miftah, M. Z. (2015). Enhancing Writing Ability Through Idea Listing Technique. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 2(1), 62–83.
Naghdipour, B. (2016). English Writing Instruction in Iran: Implications for Second Language Writing Curriculum and Pedagogy. Journal of Second Language Writing, 32, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2016.05.001
Nugraheni, D. A., & Basya, D. (2018). Exploring EFL Students’ Writing Difficulties: From Dimensions to Errors. SNasPPM, 3, 6.
Okpe, A. A., & Onjewu, M. A. (2017). Difficulties of Learning Essay Writing: The Perspective of Some Adult EFL Learners in Nigeria. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 9(2), 198–205.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
O’Neill, K. S., & Gravois, R. (2017). Using a Focus on Revision to Improve Students’ Writing Skills. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 19, 12.
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (Fourth Edition). Pearson Longman.
Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language Learning Styles and Strategies: An Overview. In Learning Styles & Strategies (pp. 1–25). Walter de Gruyter.
Phuket, P. R. N., & Othman, N. B. (2015). Understanding EFL Students’ Errors in Writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(32), 99–106.
Reichelt, M. (2005). English-Language Writing Instruction in Poland. Journal of Second Language Writing, 14(4), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2005.10.005
Sabarun. (2019). Needs Analysis on Developing EFL Paragraph Writing Materials at Kalimantan L2 learners. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n1p186
Sadek, N. (2018). The Effect of Self-Assessment as a Revision Technique on Egyptian EFL Students’ Expository Essay Writing. In A. Ahmed & H. Abouabdelkader (Eds.), Assessing EFL Writing in the 21st Century Arab World (pp. 21–52). Springer Nature.
Toba, R., Noor, W. N., & Sanu, L. O. (2019). The Current Issues of Indonesian EFL Students’ Writing Skills: Ability, Problem, and Reason in Writing Comparison and Contrast Essay. Dinamika Ilmu, 19(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i1.1506
Tseng, C. C. (2019). Senior High School Teachers’ Beliefs About EFL Writing Instruction. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 16(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.30397/TJTESOL.201904_16(1).0001
Van Geyte, E. (2013). Writing: Learn to Write Better Academic Essays (First Edition). HarperCollins Publishers.
Wei, Z.-F., Shang, H.-F., & Briody, P. (2012). The Relationship between English Writing Ability Levels and EFL Learners’ Metacognitive Behavior in the Writing Process. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1(4), 27.
Winarto, A. E. (2015). Training of Learning Strategies in Writing Essay. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 2(2). https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v2i2.96
Yang, L. (2016). Languaging in story rewriting tasks by Chinese EFL students. Language Awareness, 25(3), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2016.1197230
Zhan, H. (2015). Frequent Errors in Chinese EFL Learners’ Topic-Based Writings. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 8(5), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n5p72
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2021-05-03
How to Cite
Bulqiyah, S., Mahbub, M. A., & Nugraheni, D. A. (2021). Investigating writing difficulties in essay writing: Tertiary students’ perspectives. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 4(1), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v4i1.2371
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