An analysis of income inequality in eight regencies and cities in Banten using panel data
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/optimum.v16i1.15055Keywords:
Economic Growth, Human Development Index, Income Inequality, Minimum Wage, PovertyAbstract
Income inequality remains a major challenge for regional economic development, particularly in Banten Province, which is characterized by pronounced regional disparities driven by urbanization and economic agglomeration. This phenomenon is influenced by various economic and social factors that have not yet been comprehensively examined within the regional context of Banten. Research on income inequality in Banten is therefore essential, as rapid economic growth concentrated in industrial areas has not necessarily translated into an equitable distribution of welfare across regencies and cities. This study aims to analyze the effects of economic growth, the Human Development Index (HDI), minimum wage, number of firms, and poverty rate on income inequality in eight regencies and cities in Banten Province over the period 2011–2023. The study employs a quantitative approach using panel data regression, combining both time-series and cross-sectional data. The results indicate that HDI has a positive and statistically significant effect on income inequality. In contrast, minimum wage, number of firms, and poverty rate exhibit significant negative effects on income inequality, while economic growth does not have a statistically significant impact. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for local governments in designing policies that promote more equitable economic development and reduce income inequality in Banten Province.
References
Adiat, F. A. (2020). Analisis kesenjangan wilayah dan kesenjangan pendapatan di Indonesia tahun 2015-2018. Agribusiness Journal, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/aj.v14i1.16317
Alhakim, R. (2022). Pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan pendapatan dan tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja atas penetapan UMK kewilayahan. INUMIYA: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 1(2), 83-93.
Andiny, P., & Mandasari, P. (2017). Analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan. Kajian Ekonomi, 3(April), 481-497.
Anggina, D., & Artaningtyas, W. D. (2017). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pertumbuhan penduduk, pertumbuhan investasi, dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta tahun 2007-2014. Jurnal Ekonomi, 15(1), 139-154.
Anita, R. D., & Udjianto, D. W. (2024). Determinants of inclusive economic development: A fixed effect model approach. JAMPE (Journal of Asset Management and Public Economy), 3(1), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.12928/jampe.v3i1.9101
Ayyash, M., Sek, S., & Kole, A. (2025). Income inequality dynamics in ASEAN-5: A panel data approach using CS-ARDL to examine macroeconomic factors. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01068-1
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). In John Wiley & Sons.
Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850119329
Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth is good for the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3), 195-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020139631000
Farhan, M., & Sugiyanto, S. (2022). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di pulau Jawa. SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan, 1(4), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v1i4.29
Febriani, R. E., Putri, A. K., Havizd, M., Marwan, & Lessita. (2022). Korupsi, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan ketimpangan pendapatan di negara upper middle income Asean. PARETO : Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.32663/pareto.v5i2.2765
Febriyani, A., & Anis, A. (2021). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, investasi dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 3(4), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i4.12375
Galor, O., & Zeira, J. (1993). Income distribution and macroeconomics. Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297811
Guampe, F. A., Walenta, A. S., & Kawani, F. B. (2022). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengangguran terbuka terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia tahun 2001-2021. JPEK (Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Kewirausahaan), 6(1), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.29408/jpek.v6i1.5536
Hornok, C., & Raeskyesa, D. G. S. (2024). Economic zones and local income inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 22(1), 69-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-023-09581-x
Ilyasa, W. N., Kurniawan, M. L. A., Lubis, F. R. A., & Salim, A. (2025). The role of credit for poverty alleviation in Indonesia: Evidence from panel data analysis. IJBE (Integrated Journal of Business and Economics), 9(2), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v9i2.1101
Irkham, M. (2019). Analisis ketimpangan wilayah. Akuntabel, 16(1), 98-110.
Iswanto, D. (2015). Ketimpangan pendapatan antar kabupaten/kota dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di propinsi Jawa Timur. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 4(1), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v4i1.2293
Kalalo, T., Engka, D. S. M., & Maramis, M. T. B. (2016). Analisis distribusi pendapatan masyarakat di kecamatan Airmadi di kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 16(01), 818-830.
Kanbur, R., & Venables, A. J. (2005). Spatial inequality and development. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199278636.001.0001
Khoirudin, R., & Haerusman, A. (2023). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan di provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2014-2022. Journal of Regional Economics and Development, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.47134/jred.v1i1.20
Khoirudin, R., & Khasanah, U. (2018). Valuasi ekonomi objek wisata pantai Parangtritis, Bantul Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 18(2), 152-166. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2018.09
Khoirudin, R., & Musta'in, J. L. (2020). Analisis determinan ketimpangan pendapatan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Tirtayasa Ekonomika, 15(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2018.09
Kurniawan, M. L. A., & A'yun, I. Q. (2022). Dynamic analysis on export, FDI and growth in Indonesia: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura, 24(3), 350-362. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v24i3.2717
Kurniawati, K., & Samudro, B. R. (2025). The role of gender empowerment on income inequality in Indonesia: Evidence from panel data. Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 15(2), 282-291. https://doi.org/10.12928/optimum.v15i2.13310
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 65(1).
Latifah, J. (2023). Analisis spasial hubungan antara indeks pembangunan manusia dan faktor-faktor determinannya di provinsi Kalimantan Selatan: Pembandingan pemodelan regresi spasial. RAGAM : Journal of Statistics and Its Application, 02, 1-10.
Mahroji, D., & Nurkhasanah, I. (2019). Pengaruh indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap tingkat pengangguran di provinsi Banten. Jurnal Ekonomi-Qu, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.35448/jequ.v9i1.5436
Mulia, B., Setiawan, M. A., & Kalfin. (2021). Analysis of revenue inequality and development of leading economic sectors of district and city in Banten province, Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Community Service, 2(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v2i1.199
Pangiuk, A. (2018). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap penurunan kemiskinan di provinsi Jambi tahun 2009-2013. ILTIZAM Journal of Sharia Economic Research, 2(2), 44. https://doi.org/10.30631/iltizam.v2i2.160
Purna, F. P., Hardiningsih, P., Kurniawan, M. L. A., Sukarniati, L., & Flejterski, S. (2026). The role of fiscal decentralization on inequality: Evidence from Papua province. JAMPE (Journal of Asset Management and Public Economy), 5(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.12928/jampe.v5i1.14475
Rachmawati, L. N., Lubis, F. R. A., & Az Zakiyyah, N. A. (2025). Regional income disparities in Indonesia: Insights from the Williamson index and panel data analysis. Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 15(2), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.12928/optimum.v15i2.12953
Rahmah, A. N., & Widodo, S. (2019). Peranan Sektor industri pengolahan dalam perekonomian di Indonesia dengan pendekatan input "Output Tahun 2010" 2016. Economie: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 1(2), 14-36. https://doi.org/10.30742/economie.v1i1.819
Salim, A., & Khoirudin, R. (2025). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Papua Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 2(January), 399-406.
Subrata, B. A. Y. (2018). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Timur. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2021.13.1.4353
Sungkar, S. N., Nazamuddin, & Nasir, M. (2015). Pengaruh upah minimum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Pascasarjana Universitas Syiah Kuala, 3(2), 40-53.
Syaifudin, R., Mangara, T. H., & Desmawan, D. (2025). A spatial econometric approach on addressing determinants of regional inequality. Economic Development Analysis Journal, 14(2), 200-211. d https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v14i2.24478
Veriyanto, S. S., & Yasin, M. (2023). Sektor industri pada pemetakan peluang ekonomi makro kota Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan, 1(3), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.58192/wawasan.v1i3.862
Waluyo, M. R. M., Hidayat, J. T., & Waskitaningsih, N. (2024). Arahan pengembangan untuk mengurangi ketimpangan wilayah antar kabupaten/kota di provinsi Banten. Jendela Kota: Jurnal Perencanaan Dan Pengembangan Wilayah Dan Kota, 1(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33751/jekota.v1i1.28
Widarjono, A. (2013). Ekonometrika Pengantar dan Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta: UUP STIM YKPN.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hanif Mufid, Dini Yuniarti, Rifki Khoirudin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
