Evaluating the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Emission Reduction in Schools: A Case Study at SMP Darul Hikam Bandung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/ijemi.v6i1.12708Keywords:
emission reduction, motor vehicles, electric motorcycles, renewable energy, life cycle analysisAbstract
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution is a critical challenge in mitigating climate change and improving air quality, particularly in densely populated urban areas. This study analyzes and optimizes emission reductions from motor vehicles at SMP Darul Hikam Bandung, with 38 vehicles as the sample. Three vehicles are evaluated: gasoline-powered motorcycles, electric motorcycles charged from the public electricity grid (PLN), and electric motorcycles charged using renewable energy sources. The goal is to determine which vehicle type generates the lowest pollution by considering direct emissions from fuel combustion and indirect emissions associated with electricity generation.
The methodology employed is Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), which measures total emissions from each vehicle type, production to operation, and end-of-life battery management. Gasoline motorcycles are assessed based on emissions from fuel combustion, while electric motorcycles are analyzed according to their charging source. Electric motorcycles charged from the PLN grid are evaluated for emissions related to electricity generation. In contrast, those charged from renewable energy sources consider the environmental impact of battery production and energy storage at charging stations.
The results of this study are expected to provide more precise insights into the most environmentally friendly vehicle options and offer policy recommendations for selecting vehicles that minimize emissions in school and urban environments.
References
Diskominfo Kota Bandung. (2023, August 26). Kualitas udara Kota Bandung di ambang batas sedang. Jabarprov.go.id. https://jabarprov.go.id/berita/kualitas-udara-kota-bandung- di-ambang-batas-sedang-10128
Ferlita, S. A., Sudarti, & Yushardi. (2023). Analysis of the efficiency of electric vehicles as an environmentally friendly form of transportation that reduces carbon emissions. Optika, Volume, 364. https://e-journal.uniflor.ac.id/index.php/optika/article/download/328 2/2062/13232
Setyoko, A. T., Nurcahyo, R., & Sumaedi, S. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Review and Critical Appraisal. E3S Web of Conferences, 465, Article 02041. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346502041
U.S. Department of Energy. (2023, August). Electric vehicles (DOE/GO-102023-6050). Alternative Fuels Data Center. https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/electric_vehicles.pdf?4efbe6d174
Alanazi, F. (2023). Electric Vehicles: Benefits, Challenges, and Potential Solutions for Widespread Adaptation. Applied Sciences, 13(10), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106016
Padhi, M. R. (2020). Notes on electric vehicles. Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. https://course.cutm.ac.in/wp- content/uploads/2020/06/Notes-on-Electric-Vehicles.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy. (2023). Alternative fuels data center: Electric vehicles. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric
IESR. (2023). Indonesia Electric Vehicle Outlook 2023. Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR). https://iesr.or.id/wp- content/uploads/2023/02/Indonesia-Electric-Vehicle- Outlook-2023.pdf
Cutshaw, A., Chou, J., Skone, T. J., Krynock, M., & Jamieson, M. (2024). Life cycle analysis of thermoelectric power generation in the United States. In M. A. Abraham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sustainable technologies (2nd ed., pp. 478– 491). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90386-8.00066-8
Daniel, Y., Santie, A., Mamonto, F. H., Lasut, M., & Mesra, R. (2023). Penerapan Gaya Kepemimpinan Egaliter Orang Minahasa di Universitas Negeri Manado. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi, 9(1), 549–556. https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v9i1.4696
Devi, S. A., & Mirwan, M. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Analysis on the ZA II Fertilizer Production Process Using the Recipe 2016 Method. INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 2(3), 620–632. https://doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v2i3.2074
Farjana, S. H., Mahmud, M. A. P., & Huda, N. (2021). Life cycle assessment for sustainable mining. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-01670-1
Rahanra, F., & Diawati, L. (2023). Assessment of CO2 emission of electric vehicles based on life cycle assessment and system dynamics methodology. Proceedings of the 4th ITB Graduate School Conference - Innovation and Discovery for Sustainability, 219. ITB. https://gcs.itb.ac.id/proceeding- igsc/index.php/igsc/article/view/145/139
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, ISO 14044 Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment- Requirements and guidelines Management environnemental,” 2006.
Sudarti. (2022). Analisis Potensi Emisi CO2 Oleh Berbagai Jenis Kendaraan Bermotor Di Jalan Raya Kemantren Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.21776/Ub.Jsal.2022.009.02.4
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. (2024). Publication of study results. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. https://www.esdm.go.id/en/publication/publication-of- study-results
Rizki Firmansyah Setya Budi, Suparman Suparman (2013). Perhitungan Faktor Emisi Co2 Pltu Batubara Dan Pltn. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.17146/Jpen.2013.15.1.1612
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Global Warming Of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report. IPCC, 2018d/1449/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayu Laksmi Padmadewi, Umar Hanif Ramadhani, Mugni Labib Edypoerwa, Bambang Trisno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright to this article is transferred to Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD) if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to UAD. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is identified as to its source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment.
We declare that:
This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication before acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
Copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.
Furthermore, I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the above-mentioned paper in whole to UAD. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online), or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the Work or derivative works for the authors' personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the UAD copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies UAD endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the Work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
