Determinants of Environmental Sanitation Related to the Incidence of Diarrhea among Infants

Authors

  • Jernita Sinaga Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Medan
  • Risnawati Tanjung Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Medan
  • Eka Lestari Mahyuni Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara
  • Helfi Nolia Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Medan
  • Raflizar Raflizar Puslitbang Public Health Efforts, Ministry of Health RI Research and Development Agency

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12928/dpphj.v16i1.4384

Keywords:

Environmental sanitation, Diarrhea, Infant

Abstract

Background: Incidence of diarrhea increased by poor environmental conditions factors. The several factors of environmental health are housing, disposal waste, clean water supply, and sewerage. This study's purpose was to determine the determinants of environmental sanitation related to the incidence of diarrhea in infants at the work area of Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) Singa, Karo District. Method: This research was quantitative research as a case study of diarrhea among infants in Puskesmas Singa. The subjects were housewives who had infants and suffered from diarrhea in the last six months of the study, with 225 total population and 63 people selected by simple random sampling. The data analyzed used logistic regression to found the influence of environmental sanitation on diarrhea. Results: The results found there were six variables analyzed, there were three variables that influenced the incidence of diarrhea, the variable ownership of feces disposal facilities was the most dominant factor with Exp B 18.267 (p-value 0.003; 95% CI: 2.750-121.334), and the quality of clean water are variables that influence the incidence of diarrhea with Exp B 5.763 (p-value 0.026; 95% CI: 1.234-26.904), food and drink sanitation are variables that influence the incidence of diarrhea with Exp B 12.451 (p-value 0.004; 95% CI: 2.190 - 70.773). Conclusion: It concludes that diarrhea among infants has a dominant relationship of water sanitation, disposal sanitation, and food sanitation as determinants. It needs to improve basic sanitation to decrease the count of diarrhea.

Author Biography

Jernita Sinaga, Department of Environmental Health, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Medan

Department of Environmental Health

References

1. Galezzo, M. A., Günther, W., Diaz-Quijano, F. A., & Susa, M. R. (2020). Factors Associated with Diarrheal Disease in the Rural Caribbean Region of Colombia. Revista de saude publica, 54, 90. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002054
2. Oberhelman, R. A., Gilman, R. H., Sheen, P., Taylor, D. N., Black, R. E., Cabrera, L., Lescano, A. G., Meza, R., & Madico, G. (1999). A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus GG to Prevent Diarrhea in Undernourished Peruvian Children. The Journal of pediatrics, 134(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70366-5
3. Chard, A. N., Garn, J. V., Chang, H. H., Clasen, T., & Freeman, M. C. (2019). Impact of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Intervention on School Absence, Diarrhea, Respiratory Infection, and Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Results from the WASH HELPS Cluster-randomized Trial. Journal of global health, 9(2), 020402. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020402
4. World Health Organization. MCEE-WHO methods and data sources for child causes of death 2000-2016 [Internet]. Geneva, Swiss; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/childcod_methods_2000_2016.pdf?ua=1
5. Darvesh, N., Das, J. K., Vaivada, T., Gaffey, M. F., Rasanathan, K., Bhutta, Z. A., & Social Determinants of Health Study Team (2017). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions for Acute Childhood Diarrhea: A Systematic Review to Provide Estimates for the Lives Saved Tool. BMC public health, 17(Suppl 4), 776. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4746-1
6. Vieira, L. V., Pedrosa, L., Souza, V. S., Paula, C. A., & Rocha, R. (2018). Incidence of Diarrhea and Associated Risk Factors in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Enteral Nutrition. Metabolic brain disease, 33(5), 1755–1760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0287-2
7. Noguchi, Y., Nonaka, D., Kounnavong, S., & Kobayashi, J. (2021). Effects of Hand-Washing Facilities with Water and Soap on Diarrhea Incidence among Children under Five Years in Lao People's Democratic Republic: A Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020687
8. Contreras, J. D., & Eisenberg, J. (2019). Does Basic Sanitation Prevent Diarrhea? Contextualizing Recent Intervention Trials through a Historical Lens. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010230
9. Freeman, M. C., Garn, J. V., Sclar, G. D., Boisson, S., Medlicott, K., Alexander, K. T., Penakalapati, G., Anderson, D., Mahtani, A. G., Grimes, J., Rehfuess, E. A., & Clasen, T. F. (2017). The Impact of Sanitation on Infectious Disease and Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 220(6), 928–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.05.007
10. Vilcins, D., Sly, P. D., & Jagals, P. (2018). Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Child Stunting: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Annals of global health, 84(4), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.9204/aogh.2361
11. Wasihun, A. G., Dejene, T. A., Teferi, M., Marugán, J., Negash, L., Yemane, D., & McGuigan, K. G. (2018). Risk Factors for Diarrhoea and Malnutrition Among Children Under the Age of 5 years in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia. PloS one, 13(11), e0207743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207743
12. Savaş Şen, Z., Taşar, M. A., Demirel Kaya, F., Güneş, A., Vezir, E., & Hızarcıoğlu Gülşen, H. (2019). Akut Cryptosporidium İshalinin Nadir Bir Komplikasyonu: İmmün Yetmezlik Bulunmayan Çocuk Olguda Olası Hepatobiliyer Tutulum [A Rare Complication of Acute Diarrhae Caused by Cryptosporidium: Possible Hepatobiliary System Involvement in a Child without Immunodeficiency]. Mikrobiyoloji bulteni, 53(4), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.68508
13. Null, C., Stewart, C. P., Pickering, A. J., Dentz, H. N., Arnold, B. F., Arnold, C. D., Benjamin-Chung, J., Clasen, T., Dewey, K. G., Fernald, L., Hubbard, A. E., Kariger, P., Lin, A., Luby, S. P., Mertens, A., Njenga, S. M., Nyambane, G., Ram, P. K., & Colford, J. M., Jr (2018). Effects of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Diarrhoea and Child Growth in Rural Kenya: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet. Global health, 6(3), e316–e329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30005-6
14. Zúñiga-brenes P. Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Diarrhoea Among Children Under the Age of Five Admitted to Benadir Hospital Mogadishu - Somalia. Jamhuriya. 2017;1:59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5099/aj210200060
15. Troeger, C., Khalil, I. A., Rao, P. C., Cao, S., Blacker, B. F., Ahmed, T., Armah, G., Bines, J. E., Brewer, T. G., Colombara, D. V., Kang, G., Kirkpatrick, B. D., Kirkwood, C. D., Mwenda, J. M., Parashar, U. D., Petri, W. A., Jr, Riddle, M. S., Steele, A. D., Thompson, R. L., Walson, J. L., … Reiner, R. C., Jr (2018). Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. JAMA pediatrics, 172(10), 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1960
16. Woldeamanuel B. T. (2020). Trends and Factors Associated with Healthcare Utilization for Childhood Diarrhea and Fever in Ethiopia: Further Analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys from 2000 to 2016. Journal of environmental and public health, 2020, 8076259. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8076259
17. Mbakaya, B. C., Lee, P. H., & Lee, R. L. (2017). Hand Hygiene Intervention Strategies to Reduce Diarrhoea and Respiratory Infections among Schoolchildren in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040371
18. Burns, D. S., Porter, C. K., Gutierrez, R. L., McDavid, N. C., Hutley, E. J., Riddle, M. S., & Connor, P. (2020). Diarrhea and Associated Illness Characteristics and Risk Factors Among British Active Duty Service Members at Askari Storm Training Exercise, Nanyuki, Kenya, January-June 2014. MSMR, 27(8), 4–7.
19. Fang, X. Y., Liu, W. D., Ai, J., & Bao, C. C. (2019). Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi, 40(10), 1269–1273. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.10.018
20. Jung, Y. T., Lou, W., & Cheng, Y. L. (2017). Exposure-Response Relationship of Neighbourhood Sanitation and Children's Diarrhoea. Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 22(7), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12886
21. Adane, M., Mengistie, B., Kloos, H., Medhin, G., & Mulat, W. (2017). Sanitation Facilities, Hygienic Conditions, and Prevalence of Acute Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children in Slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Baseline Survey of A Longitudinal Study. PloS one, 12(8), e0182783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182783
22. Marniati M, Rahmayani R. Factors Affecting the Diarrhea Occurrences on U5 Children in Manyak Payed Public Health Services Aceh Tamiang. J Healthc Technol Med. 2017;1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33143/jhtm.v1i1.13
23. Soboksa NE, Hailu AB, Gari SR, Alemu BM. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions and Childhood Diarrhea In Kersa and Omo Nada Districts Of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2019;38(1):1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-019-0205-1
24. Alemayehu M, Alemu T, Astatkie A. Prevalence and Determinants of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Benna Tsemay District, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Pastoralist and Agropastoralist Context. Adv Public Heal. 2020;2020:1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4237368
25. Nasiatin, T., Pertiwi, W. E., Setyowati, D. L., & Palutturi, S. (2021). The Roles of Health-Promoting Media in the Clean and Healthy Living Behavior of Elementary School Students. Gaceta sanitaria, 35 Suppl 1, S53–S55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.015
26. Chen, J., Wan, C. M., Gong, S. T., Fang, F., Sun, M., Qian, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, B. X., Xu, C. D., Ye, L. Y., Dong, M., Jin, Y., Huang, Z. H., Wu, Q. B., Zhu, C. M., Fang, Y. H., Zhu, Q. R., & Dong, Y. S. (2018). Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Infectious Diarrhea in Children. World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP, 14(5), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-018-0190-2
27. Paul P. (2020). Socio-demographic and Environmental Factors Associated with Diarrhoeal Disease Among Children Under Five in India. BMC public health, 20(1), 1886. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09981-y
28. Anteneh ZA, Andargie K, Tarekegn M. Prevalence and Determinants of Acute Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than Five Years Old in Jabithennan District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4021-5
29. Reveles, K. R., Backo, J. L., Corvino, F. A., Zivkovic, M., & Broderick, K. C. (2017). Fidaxomicin versus Vancomycin as a First-Line Treatment for Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea in Specific Patient Populations: A Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation. Pharmacotherapy, 37(12), 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2049
30. Desmennu, A. T., Oluwasanu, M. M., John-Akinola, Y. O., Oladunni, O., & Adebowale, A. S. (2017). Maternal Education and Diarrhea among Children aged 0-24 Months in Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 21(3), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2017/v21i3.2
31. Asioli, D., Aschemann-Witzel, J., Caputo, V., Vecchio, R., Annunziata, A., Næs, T., & Varela, P. (2017). Making Sense of the "Clean Label" Trends: A Review of Consumer Food Choice Behavior and Discussion of Industry Implications. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.), 99(Pt 1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.022
32. Kabuya, M. S., Mukuku, O., Van Geertruyden, J. P., Mutombo, A. M., Luboya, O. N., Wembonyama, S. O., & Lutumba, P. (2019). Maternal Determinants of Diarrhea in Children Under Five in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Déterminants maternels de la diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo. Medecine et sante tropicales, 29(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2019.0918
33. Edward, A., Jung, Y., Chhorvann, C., Ghee, A. E., & Chege, J. (2019). Association of Mother's Handwashing Practices and Pediatric Diarrhea: Evidence from A Multi-Country Study on Community Oriented Interventions. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 60(2), E93–E102. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.2.1088
34. Raza, O., Mansournia, M. A., Rahimi Foroushani, A., & Holakouie-Naieni, K. (2020). Exploring Spatial Dependencies in the Prevalence of Childhood Diarrhea in Mozambique Using Global and Local Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 34, 59. https://doi.org/10.34171/mjiri.34.59
35. Mihrete TS, Alemie GA, Teferra AS, Access O, Cheng SX, Zhao Y, et al. Prevalence of Diarrhea and Associated Risk Factors in Children Under Five Years of Age In Northern Nigeria: A Secondary Data. Nord J African Stud. 2017;16(1):64–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7176/jaas/60-05

Downloads

Published

2021-12-06

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2022): Disease Prevention and Public Health Journal

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors transfer the copyright and grant the Disease Prevention and Public Health Journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the work for any purpose, even commercially with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in Disease Prevention and Public Health Journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in Disease Prevention and Public Health Journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.