An Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in 6G: Types, Advantages, Challenges and Recent Applications

Abdullah M. Al-Ansi; Ahmed  Al-Ansi

doi:10.12928/biste.v5i1.7603

Authors

Abdullah M. Al-Ansi Thamar University
Ahmed Al-Ansi The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunication

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12928/biste.v5i1.7603

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Advantages, AI Challenges, Recent 6G Applications, 6G Networks

Abstract

The world is on the cusp of a new communications revolution. The next generation of communication networks, known as 6G, will enable a wide range of new applications and services that are not possible with current 4G or 5G networks. In overview, we will review Artificial Intelligence (AI) Types, Advantages, challenges and some of the most promising applications of 6G technology. Some of the key applications that are being developed for 6G communication networks include Digital Twin (DT), Holograms, Robot Avatar, High Density (IoT), and AR & VR. The use of these applications in 6G communication networks is not a new concept, but integration to 6G will need more improvements. These applications have been around for some time now and have seen various improvements over the years. However, with the advent of 6G communication networks, the use of AR and VR is expected to see a drastic change. This paper contributes to the existing literature about the nature of 6G and applications to give more understanding and further discussion in potential and new trends.

References

A. Lele, “Artificial intelligence (AI),” Disruptive technologies for the militaries and security, vol. 132, pp. 139-154, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3384-2_8.

J. Mata, “Artificial intelligence (AI) methods in optical networks: A comprehensive survey,” Optical Switching and Networking, vol. 28, pp. 43-57, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2017.12.006.

R. Vaishya, M. Javaid, I. H. Khan and A. Haleem, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic,” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 337-339, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012.

X. Zhai, “A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020,” Complexity, pp. 1-18, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812542.

R. Vaishya, M. Javaid, I. H. Khan and A. Haleem, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic,” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 337-339, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012.

Y. Siriwardhana, P. Porambage, M. Liyanage and M. Ylianttila, “AI and 6G security: Opportunities and challenges,” In 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit), pp. 616-621, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCNC/6GSummit51104.2021.9482503.

K. B. Letaief, Y. Shi, J. Lu and J. Lu, “Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Vision, Enabling Technologies, and Applications,” in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 5-36, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2021.3126076.

M. Hickok, “Lessons learned from AI ethics principles for future actions,” AI and Ethics, no. 1, pp. 41-47, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00008-1.

W. Wu et al., “AI-Native Network Slicing for 6G Networks,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 96-103, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.2100338.

Z. Zhang et al., “6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements, Architecture, and Key Technologies,” in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 28-41, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2019.2921208.

H. Yang, A. Alphones, Z. Xiong, D. Niyato, J. Zhao and K. Wu, “Artificial-Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent 6G Networks,” in IEEE Network, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 272-280, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.011.2000195.

S. Chen, Y. -C. Liang, S. Sun, S. Kang, W. Cheng and M. Peng, “Vision, Requirements, and Technology Trend of 6G: How to Tackle the Challenges of System Coverage, Capacity, User Data-Rate and Movement Speed,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 218-228, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.1900333.

L. Mucchi et al., “Physical-Layer Security in 6G Networks,” in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 2, pp. 1901-1914, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2021.3103735.

A. -E. M. Taha, “Quality of experience in 6G networks: Outlook and challenges,” Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10010011.

M. Giordani and M. Zorzi, “Non-Terrestrial Networks in the 6G Era: Challenges and Opportunities,” in IEEE Network, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 244-251, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.011.2000493.

N. Chi, Y. Zhou, Y. Wei and F. Hu, “Visible Light Communication in 6G: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects,” in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 93-102, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2020.3017153.

H. Yang, A. Alphones, Z. Xiong, D. Niyato, J. Zhao and K. Wu, “Artificial-Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent 6G Networks,” in IEEE Network, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 272-280, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.011.2000195.

D. Jones, C. Snider, A. Nassehi, J. Yon and B. Hicks, “Characterising the Digital Twin: A systematic literature review,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 29, pp. 36-52, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.02.002.

Y. Lu, S. Maharjan and Y. Zhang, “Adaptive Edge Association for Wireless Digital Twin Networks in 6G,” in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 22, pp. 16219-16230, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3098508.

H. Ahmadi, A. Nag, Z. Khar, K. Sayrafian and S. Rahardja, “Networked Twins and Twins of Networks: An Overview on the Relationship Between Digital Twins and 6G,” in IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 154-160, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000041.

N. P. Kuruvatti, M. A. Habibi, S. Partani, B. Han, A. Fellan and H. D. Schotten, “Empowering 6G Communication Systems With Digital Twin Technology: A Comprehensive Survey,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 112158-112186, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3215493.

M. O. Ozdogan, L. Carkacioglu and B. Canberk, “Digital Twin Driven Blockchain Based Reliable and Efficient 6G Edge Network,” 2022 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), pp. 342-348, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS54816.2022.00062.

Z. Allam and D. S. Jones, “Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies,” Land Use Policy, vol. 101, p. 105201, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105201.

A. Masaracchia, V. Sharma, B. Canberk, O. A. Dobre and T. Q. Duong, “Digital Twin for 6G: Taxonomy, Research Challenges, and the Road Ahead,” in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 3, pp. 2137-2150, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2022.3219015.

A. M. Al-Ansi and I. Fatmawati “Integration of ICT in higher education during Covid-19 pandemic: a case study” International Journal of Learning and Change, vol.15, no.2, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLC.2021.10041196.

A. Elzanaty, A. Guerra, F. Guidi, D. Dardari and M. S. Alouini, “Towards 6G holographic localization: Enabling technologies and perspectives,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.12415, 2021, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2103.12415.

W. Long, R. Chen, M. Moretti, W. Zhang and J. Li, “A Promising Technology for 6G Wireless Networks: Intelligent Reflecting Surface,” in Journal of Communications and Information Networks, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2021, https://doi.org/10.23919/JCIN.2021.9387701.

X. Zhang, T. Chang, Z. Wang and H. -L. Cui, “Three-Dimensional Terahertz Continuous Wave Imaging Radar for Nondestructive Testing,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 144259-144276, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3014170.

B. Kemper et al., “Label-free quantitative in vitro live cell imaging with digital holographic microscopy,” Label-Free Monitoring of Cells in vitro, pp. 219-272, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/11663_2019_6.

C. Kurniawan, “Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran 3D Display System Berbasis Holografi,” Sinteks: Jurnal Teknik, vol. 5, no. 2, 2016, https://www.jurnal.stt.web.id/index.php/Teknik/article/view/65.

C. Huang et al., “Holographic MIMO Surfaces for 6G Wireless Networks: Opportunities, Challenges, and Trends,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 118-125, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.1900534.

S. Elmeadawy and R. M. Shubair, “6G Wireless Communications: Future Technologies and Research Challenges,” 2019 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, pp. 1-5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECTA48151.2019.8959607.

A. Beniiche, S. Rostami and M. Maier, “Society 5.0: Internet as if People Mattered,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 160-168, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.009.2100570.

M. Maier, “6G as if People Mattered: From Industry 4.0 toward Society 5.0: (Invited Paper),” 2021 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN52240.2021.9522181.

M. Maier, A. Ebrahimzadeh, S. Rostami and A. Beniiche, “The Internet of No Things: Making the Internet Disappear and "See the Invisible",” in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 76-82, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2000098.

E. Yaacoub, “Synergy between 6G and AI: Open Future Horizons and Impending Security Risks,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.10534, 2022, https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.19350992.v1.

A. M. Al-Ansi, “Reinforcement of student-centered learning through social e-learning and e-assessment,” SN Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 9, p. 194, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00502-9.

N. Chen and M. Okada, “Toward 6G Internet of Things and the Convergence With RoF System,” in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 8719-8733, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3047613.

K. K. Vaigandla, “Communication Technologies and Challenges on 6G Networks for the Internet: Internet of Things (IoT) Based Analysis,” 2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), pp. 27-31, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPTM54933.2022.9753990.

M. Z. Chowdhury, M. Shahjalal, M. K. Hasan and Y. M. Jang, “The role of optical wireless communication technologies in 5G/6G and IoT solutions: Prospects, directions, and challenges,” Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 20, p. 4367, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204367.

A. Shahraki, M. Abbasi, M. Piran and A. Taherkordi, “A comprehensive survey on 6G networks: Applications, core services, enabling technologies, and future challenges,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.12475, 2021, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2101.12475.

H. H. Pajooh, S. Demidenko, S. Aslam and M. Harris, “Blockchain and 6G-Enabled IoT,” Inventions, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 109, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7040109.

S. Hu, Y. -C. Liang, Z. Xiong and D. Niyato, “Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Dynamic Resource Sharing in 6G and Beyond,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 145-151, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.2000409.

Y. Lu and X. Zheng, “6G: A survey on technologies, scenarios, challenges, and the related issues,” Journal of Industrial Information Integration, vol. 19, p. 100158, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2020.100158.

H. Peng, P. -C. Chen, P. -H. Chen, Y. -S. Yang, C. -C. Hsia and L. -C. Wang, “6G toward Metaverse: Technologies, Applications, and Challenges,” 2022 IEEE VTS Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS), pp. 6-10, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/APWCS55727.2022.9906483.

S. Kharche and P. Dere, “Interoperability Issues and Challenges in 6G Networks,” Journal of Mobile Multimedia, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1445-1470, 2022, https://doi.org/10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1856.

J. H. Kim, “6G and Internet of Things: a survey,” Journal of Management Analytics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 316-332, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2021.1882350.

A. M. Al-Ansi, “Investigating Characteristics of Learning Environments During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review,” Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, vol. 48, no. 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt28051.

S. Liao, J. Wu, J. Li and K. Konstantin, “Information-Centric Massive IoT-Based Ubiquitous Connected VR/AR in 6G: A Proposed Caching Consensus Approach,” in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 5172-5184, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3030718.

P. Bhattacharya et al., “Coalition of 6G and Blockchain in AR/VR Space: Challenges and Future Directions,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 168455-168484, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136860.