Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/admj.v2i1.3860Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, neurology, literature reviewAbstract
COVID-19 disease has become a threat to global health. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause damage to any other organs including the nervous system, which manifests as a neurological disorder. A number of neurological disorders have been reported in COVID-19 patients, including encephalopathy, stroke, myelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome. The neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients are varied and complex. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the pathomechanism behind the neurological diseases that develops in COVID-19 patients and are generally divided into direct and indirect effects of COVID-19. The direct routes involve invasion of the virus into the brain via olfactory, vascular pathways, or infiltration of infected immune cells; whereas indirect routes are the neurological consequences of systemic damage caused by viruses, such as inflammation, hypoxia, or hypercoagulable states. The neurological diseases experienced by COVID-19 patients can be caused by the pathophysiological process of the COVID-19 disease or other causes that coincide with viral infections.
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Iadecola, C., Anrather, J., Kamel, H., 2020. Effects of COVID-19 on the Nervous System. Cell 183, 16-27.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028
Inglese, M., Salvi, F., Iannucci, G., Mancardi, G.L., Mascalchi, M., Filippi, M., 2002. Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MR imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23, 267–272.
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Mahalakshmi, A.M., Ray, B., Tuladhar, S., Bhat, A., Paneyala, S., Patteswari, D., Sakharkar, M.K., Hamdan, H., Ojcius, D.M., Bolla, S.R., Essa, M.M., Chidambaram, S.B., Qoronfleh, M.W., 2021. Does COVIDâ€19 contribute to development of neurological disease? Immun. Inflamm. Dis. 9, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.387
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2021-12-29
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Selohandono, A. (2021). Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19. Ahmad Dahlan Medical Journal, 2(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.12928/admj.v2i1.3860
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