Cultural Value Diversity: Influence towards Multicultural Teamwork Performance among Restaurant Employees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12928/joves.v3i2.2933Keywords:
Cultural value diversity, collectivism, determinism, orientation, teamwork performance, productivity, cooperationAbstract
Malaysia currently has a diverse workforce, relying on foreign workers in the hospitality industry. This study tested a conceptual model to investigate the role of specific cultural diversity value in influencing multicultural teamwork performance. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted in casual ethnic restaurants in Malaysia. The findings revealed that the three diversity dimensions of collectivism, determinism, and orientation each had distinctive effects on productivity and/or cooperation. This study offers new insights on cultural value diversity and multicultural teamwork performance at a dimensional level thus provides rigid answer for the argument from previous scholars. In addition, by providing the current phenomena in workforce industry, this study helps the restaurant managers to prepare with strategic management on handling diversity among multicultural team.
References
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Chatman, J. A., Polzer, J. T., Barsade, S. G., & Neale, M. A. (1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and oganizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 749-780.
Cheng, Chi-Ying, Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Lee, L. (2012). Finding the right mix: How the composition of self-managing multicultural teams’ cultural value orientation influences performance over time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 389-411. doi:10.1002/job.1777
Chin, W. W., Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2008). Structural equation modeling in marketing: Some practical reminders. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 16(4), 287-298.
Dekker, D. M., Rutte, C. G., & Van der Berg, P. T. (2008). Cultural differences in the perception of critical interaction behaviors in global virtual teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(5), 441-452.
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Eze, F., Okonkwo, O. M. L., Oluchi, M. L., & Igwebuike, E. C. (2019). Effect of workforce diversity on the competitiveness of Nigerian Bottling Company South East, Nigeria. International Academy Journal of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurial Studies, 7(1), 8-24.
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Kahane, L., Longley, N., & Simmons, R. (2013). The effects of coworker heterogeneity on firm-level output: assessing the impacts of cultural and language diversity in the National Hockey League. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(1), 302-314.
King, E. B., Hebl, M. R., & Beal, D. J. (2009). Conflict and cooperation in diverse workgroups. Journal of Social Issues, 65(2), 261-285.
Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (1997). The impact of cultural values on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of globalized self-managing work team effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 730-757.
Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (2005). The impact of cultural value diversity on multicultural team performance. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 33-67.
Kluckhohn, F., & Strodbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Lavaty, S., & Kleiner, B. H. (2001). Managing and understanding the French employee. Management Research News, 24(3/4), 45-48.
Lazear, E. (1999). Culture and language. Journal of Political Economy, 107(6), 29-95.
Leavitt, H. J., & Bahrami, H. (1988). Managerial Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Mandrell, B, & Kohler-Gray, S. (1990). Management development that values diversity. Personnel, 67, 41-47.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 568-579.
Maznevski, M. L., Distefano, J. J., Gomez, C. B., Noorderhaven, N. G., & Wu, P.-C. (2002). Cultural dimensions at the individual level of analysis: the cultural orientations framework. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 2, 275–295.
Mohamad, N. (2003). Amalan keselamatan di tapak bina: Kajian kes projek perumahan di daerah Johor Bahru, kertas kerja, Published by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural equation modeling, 9(4), 599-620.
Noordin, F., & Jusoff, K. (2010). Individualism-collectivism and job satisfaction between Malaysia and Australia. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(2), 159-174.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
Pelled, L., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: an analysis of work group diversity, conflict and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.
Testa, M. R. (2007). A deeper look at national culture and leadership in hospitality industry. Hospitality Management, 26, 468–484.
Tröster, C., Mehra, A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2014). Structuring for team success: The interactive effects of network structure and cultural diversity on team potency and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2), 245-255.
Timmermans, B., Ostergaard, C. R., & Kristinsson, K. (2011). Does a different view create something new? The effect of employee diversity on innovation. Research Policy, 8(54), 500-509.
Tsui, A. S., & Ashford, S. J. (1994). Adaptive self-regulation: A process view of managerial effectiveness. Journal of Management, 20(1), 93-121.
Wagner III, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management journal, 38(1), 152-173.
Webber, S. S., & Donahue, L. M. (2001). Impact of highly and less job-related on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 141-162.
Woon, L.P. & Kahl, C. (2015). Employment empowerment through Human Resource Department in enriching employee satisfaction: The Hilton way in Malaysia. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(1), 21-37.
Adler, N. J. (1997). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (3rd ED). Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3), 762–800.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Barak, M. E. M. (2013). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications.
Barnouw, V. (1963). Culture and Personality. Homewood, Il: Dorsey Press.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 377.
Bell, S. T. (2007). Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 595.
Bhadury, J., Mighty, E. J., & Damar, H. (2000). Maximizing workforce diversity in project teams: A network flow approach. Omega, 28, 143-153.
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46, 823–850.
Chatman, J. A., Polzer, J. T., Barsade, S. G., & Neale, M. A. (1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and oganizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 749-780.
Cheng, Chi-Ying, Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Lee, L. (2012). Finding the right mix: How the composition of self-managing multicultural teams’ cultural value orientation influences performance over time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 389-411. doi:10.1002/job.1777
Chin, W. W., Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2008). Structural equation modeling in marketing: Some practical reminders. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 16(4), 287-298.
Dekker, D. M., Rutte, C. G., & Van der Berg, P. T. (2008). Cultural differences in the perception of critical interaction behaviors in global virtual teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(5), 441-452.
Dienes, D., & Velte, P. (2016). The impact of supervisory board composition on CSR reporting. Evidence from the German twoâ€tier system. Sustainability, 8( 1), 1– 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010063
Earley, P. C. (1997). Face, harmony, and social structure: An analysis of organizational behavior across cultures. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Earley, C. P., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 26-49.
Eze, F., Okonkwo, O. M. L., Oluchi, M. L., & Igwebuike, E. C. (2019). Effect of workforce diversity on the competitiveness of Nigerian Bottling Company South East, Nigeria. International Academy Journal of Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurial Studies, 7(1), 8-24.
Gallagher, S. (2001). The practice of mind. Theory, simulation or primary interaction?. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-6), 83-108.
Green, K. A., López, M., Wysocki, A., & Kepner, K. (2012). Telecommuting as a true workplace alternative. University of Florida.
Hackman, J. R. (1990). Groups that work and those that don't (No. E10 H123). Jossey-Bass.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hamid, B. A. (2009). The identity construction of women/maids in domestic help for hire discourse in selected Malaysian newspapers. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 168-180.
Higgs, M. (1996). Overcoming the problems of cultural differences to establish success for international management teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 2(1), 36-43.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations-software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (1997). Organization culture. The IBM handbook of organizational behavior, 193-210.
Kahane, L., Longley, N., & Simmons, R. (2013). The effects of coworker heterogeneity on firm-level output: assessing the impacts of cultural and language diversity in the National Hockey League. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(1), 302-314.
King, E. B., Hebl, M. R., & Beal, D. J. (2009). Conflict and cooperation in diverse workgroups. Journal of Social Issues, 65(2), 261-285.
Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (1997). The impact of cultural values on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of globalized self-managing work team effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 730-757.
Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (2005). The impact of cultural value diversity on multicultural team performance. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 33-67.
Kluckhohn, F., & Strodbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Lavaty, S., & Kleiner, B. H. (2001). Managing and understanding the French employee. Management Research News, 24(3/4), 45-48.
Lazear, E. (1999). Culture and language. Journal of Political Economy, 107(6), 29-95.
Leavitt, H. J., & Bahrami, H. (1988). Managerial Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Mandrell, B, & Kohler-Gray, S. (1990). Management development that values diversity. Personnel, 67, 41-47.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 568-579.
Maznevski, M. L., Distefano, J. J., Gomez, C. B., Noorderhaven, N. G., & Wu, P.-C. (2002). Cultural dimensions at the individual level of analysis: the cultural orientations framework. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 2, 275–295.
Mohamad, N. (2003). Amalan keselamatan di tapak bina: Kajian kes projek perumahan di daerah Johor Bahru, kertas kerja, Published by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural equation modeling, 9(4), 599-620.
Noordin, F., & Jusoff, K. (2010). Individualism-collectivism and job satisfaction between Malaysia and Australia. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(2), 159-174.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
Pelled, L., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: an analysis of work group diversity, conflict and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28.
Testa, M. R. (2007). A deeper look at national culture and leadership in hospitality industry. Hospitality Management, 26, 468–484.
Tröster, C., Mehra, A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2014). Structuring for team success: The interactive effects of network structure and cultural diversity on team potency and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2), 245-255.
Timmermans, B., Ostergaard, C. R., & Kristinsson, K. (2011). Does a different view create something new? The effect of employee diversity on innovation. Research Policy, 8(54), 500-509.
Tsui, A. S., & Ashford, S. J. (1994). Adaptive self-regulation: A process view of managerial effectiveness. Journal of Management, 20(1), 93-121.
Wagner III, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management journal, 38(1), 152-173.
Webber, S. S., & Donahue, L. M. (2001). Impact of highly and less job-related on work group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 27, 141-162.
Woon, L.P. & Kahl, C. (2015). Employment empowerment through Human Resource Department in enriching employee satisfaction: The Hilton way in Malaysia. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(1), 21-37.
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