Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan

MSME lending and its impact on the unemployment rate: Evidence from Indonesia

Ummi Khalida Ulya MahaPutri, Alpon Satrianto — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are business sectors that contribute positively to economic development and their contribution to national income. However, as the number of MSMEs increases but MSME faces several problems. The most prominent issue is the lack of capital owned by the entrepreneurs to develop their businesses. In lending, there are several things that need to be considered by creditors and debtors to maintain the intermediary function of the bank. By providing targeted credit, more workers can be absorbed so that Indonesia's unemployment rate continues to fall. This study using panel data regression. First model using the random effect model (REM) method and second model using the fixed effect model (FEM) method with a cross-section of 33 provinces in Indonesia and time series 2015-2022. The test results show that the DPK variable, the number of branches, and inflation have a positive and significant effect on total MSME lending and the NPL variable has no effect on total MSME credit. Furthermore, the total MSME lending variable and the economic growth rate have a negative significant effect on the unemployment rate. This research provides a deeper understanding of the factors that determine MSME lending and how they relate to the unemployment rate in 33 Indonesian provinces. It can also be used as a basis for formulating more effective policies related to MSME lending with the potential to reduce the unemployment rate.

Effect of minimum wages on labor, welfare and economic growth: Evidence from East Java province

Mohammad Rizal, Arini Fitria Mustapita — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Wage issues are still a major concern, especially in Indonesia. The fact that wages constitute the most significant part of a person's income makes it an important indicator that reflects the level of welfare of a country. The minimum wage policy also serves as a protective tool for companies to maintain labor productivity. This research analyze the relationship between minimum wages and the number of labor, welfare, and economic growth in East Java. East Java has a significant role in the number of labor, prosperity, and economic growth, making a major contribution to the national economy with a substantial workforce. This research uses a quantitative approach. The data analysis technique uses canonical correlation statistical techniques. The data used taken from the annual reports of each city/district for 2018-2022, totaling 38 regions. The number of labor, welfare, and economic growth can be predicted through the city/district minimum wage. Meanwhile, individually, the minimum wage has the relationship with the number of labor because wages are the primary motivation of workers. In addition, the minimum wage is related to the welfare of workers in East Java, and the minimum wage is related to economic growth.

Relative risk of COVID-19 pandemic and regional inflation convergence in Indonesia: Spatial panel data approach

Sayifullah Sayifullah, Samsul Arifin — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the risk of a COVID-19 pandemic and regional inflation convergence in Indonesia. Because the COVID-19 recession differs from the previous inflation recession, it is important to investigate regional inflation convergences in order to evaluate the inflation rate and the impact of macroeconomic policy on inflation convergence. The spatial panel data used in this study ranges from 2020:M3 to 2021:M12. The dynamic econometric spatial panel data model is used to quantify relative risk without spatial or SIRs to calculate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional inflation convergence in Indonesia. On the contrary, for calculating the risk relative to spatial elements, the CAR Leroux or BSCL Bayesian Spatial Model is used. Using BSCL, the calculation of the relative risk value for the COVID-19 pandemic concludes that Sumatera Island, Java Island, Kalimantan Island, Sulawesi Island, Maluku Island, and Papua Island have high risks, while Bali Island and Nusa Tenggara Island have low risks. In both static and dynamic models, the influence of currency circulation on inflation convergence is positive, and the relative risk of a COVID-19 pandemic on inflation convergence is negative. Monetary phenomena during the COVID-19 pandemic determined inflation behavior in Indonesia. Studies show that the COVID-19 pandemic is a deterrent to inflation convergence, while the circulation of money drives inflation convergence.

Effect of trade liberalization on ASEAN-China exports: A gravity model approach

Nurul Azizah Az-zakiyah, Lestari Sukarniati, Maria Isabel Coutinho Vieira — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to analyze the impact of trade liberalization between ASEAN and China on ASEAN and China export using the gravity models approach. The liberalization of trade openness is measured by the ratio of the total exports of ASEAN countries and China. The data used are annual panel data consisting of the ten ASEAN member countries and US states from 2010 to 2021. The difference with previous research is the object of research which analyzes specifically related to the free trade agreement carried out between ASEAN member countries and China which is analyzed using the Gravity model. The results of the estimation ASEAN models is the variable openness ASEAN countries against the China positive influence on ASEAN exports. China openness toward ASEAN variables did not significantly affect ASEAN exports. Results of the estimation China model shows the openness variable ASEAN against US no effect on China exports. Variable China openness toward ASEAN positive effect on China exports. Of the two models of the estimated proved that trade liberalization ASEAN - China influence on ASEAN exports and China exports. The implication of the study in free trade agreement that ASEAN countries is more focused on the sector of agriculture product, food, textile and some extractive industries.

The results of the estimation ASEAN models is the variable openness ASEAN countries against the China positive influence on ASEAN exports. China openness toward ASEAN variables did not significantly affect ASEAN exports. Results of the estimation China model shows the openness variable ASEAN against US no effect on China exports. Variable China openness toward ASEAN positive effect on China exports. Of the two models of the estimated proved that trade liberalization ASEAN - China influence on ASEAN exports and China exports

Ethical predicaments of gig economy: Bibliometric approach

Anthony Andrew Wahyu Kusumo Hadi, Aluisius Hery Pratono — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This article rigorously examines the landscape of gig economy literature, focusing intently on ethical considerations through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 1000 publications spanning from 2015 to 2023. The investigation reveals the emergence of four primary cluster topics—gig economy, flexibility, privacy, and security—unveiling critical dimensions within the ongoing discourse on the evolving nature of gig employment. Significantly, the study identifies intriguing subtopics necessitating further exploration, such as data security, surveillance, worker exploitation, precarity, and legal considerations. This nuanced exploration not only contributes to the existing gig economy literature but also catalyzes essential discussions surrounding pressing ethical concerns in the contemporary world of work. The implications of the findings are profound, emphasizing the imperative for sustained research efforts to deepen our understanding of the evolving challenges within the gig economy, thereby enriching policy debates in the ever-evolving landscape of the labor market. This study not only provides valuable insights but also acts as a roadmap for ongoing discourse, guiding future inquiries into the intricate ethical facets of the gig economy and shaping frameworks and policies aligned with the dynamic nature of contemporary work environments.

ESG and firm performance: The moderating role of gender diversity

Dewi Khornida Marheni, Sherry Sherry, Yulfiswandi Yulfiswandi — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Disclosure of ESG from companies around the world has experienced a drastic increase, this phenomenon is also accompanied by an increase in socially responsible investment. This study investigates the moderating role of gender diversity in the relationship between the individual dimensions of ESG (environmental disclosure, social disclosure, and governance disclosure) and the company’s performance (Tobin's Q) in IDX companies. The research design is causal-explanatory. Based on the theory of previous findings, hypotheses were developed and tested by applying panel data regression to 42 IDX companies in the period of 2017 to 2021. The results found that disclosure of governance had a significant negative effect on company performance as measured by Tobin's Q. Moderation of gender diversity plays a role in weakening the relationship between governance disclosure with company performance. Several managerial implications are proposed based on this research. Managers may consider other ways to address stakeholder concerns about environmental and social performance. Indonesian policymakers can authorize regulations regarding ESG disclosure requirements to boost firm performance and lead to economic stability.

Performance evaluation of tourism infrastructure in Ciwaluh, Wates Jaya, Cigombong

Ulul Hidayah, Erika Pradana Putri, Mirza Permana, Guntur Bagus Pamungkas — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Kampung Ciwaluh tourism is currently an alternative tourist destination for the people of Bogor and its surroundings. The number of tourist visitors is continually increasing every year. The number of visitors must be increased, including providing adequate tourism facilities. This study aims to assess the performance level of tourism infrastructure in Kampung Ciwaluh based on visitor preferences so that it can become a strong foundation for developing Kampung Ciwaluh Tourism in the future. The research method used to evaluate the level of performance of tourism infrastructure in Kampung Ciwaluh is carried out using Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA). The assessment results of each variable of facilities and infrastructure provide information on the actions that need to be taken to overcome problems in the infrastructure development of Kampung Ciwaluh Tourism. After conducting interviews with 100 respondents, the essential variables in infrastructure development in Kampung Ciwaluh were obtained. However, the condition or level of performance that was still poor was an internet connection. The second priority in improving tourism infrastructure in Kampung Ciwaluh is Clinic/P3K, restaurants, souvenir shops, and scurity posts.

Manufacturing sectors and environmental sustainability: The impact and policy mitigation in Sumatra

Muhamad Fathul Muin, Bayu Bastian Jumena — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Industrialization is a locomotive for absorbing labor and improving living standards for the people. In Sumatra, eight of the ten provinces show that manufacturing is the top three sector with the largest share of the economy. Apart from its important role, its existence cannot be separated from its adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, this empirical research will provide insight into how to find appropriate policies to maintain economic and environmental sustainability. Using panel regression, our results revealed that the number of industries and the increase in capital will influence environmental degradation. In addition, energy and fuel consumption have a negative impact on the environment, although with low statistical significance. Government spending for ecological purposes is required to reduce the adverse effects of industrialization. However, its effectiveness in the model is statistically insignificant because of the low fiscal budget allocation. As a recommendation, some policies can be implemented, including monitoring and evaluating program budgets, strengthening and coherency regulations, and synergy-commitment between the government and industry toward zero emissions.

Analysis of exchange rates in the economic uncertainty era

Tiara Salim, Aris Soelistyo — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The exchange rate, an essential macroeconomic indicator, reflects the economy's strength. In 2023, global economic uncertainty poses a risk to the health of a country's economy, particularly impacting the exchange rate, which is crucial for global economic transactions. This study examines how exports, inflation, interest rates, GDP, and a dummy variable for economic uncertainty affect the rupiah's value against the USD. The study employs the Error Correction Model (ECM) and tests based on classical assumptions to conduct this analysis. Understanding the indicators that influence fluctuations in the rupiah exchange rate is critical in planning effective economic policies, so this research is essential to provide in-depth insight into how short-term and long-term influences on the exchange rate are affected by independent variables as well as contributing to the understanding of policy in predict exchange rates. This research concludes that exports, inflation, and GDP are the factors that dominate this research in designing policies to maintain the stability of the Rupiah currency against the USD in facing the threat of economic uncertainty. The implication of the study that government needs to strengthen exports and maintain the stability of price to control inflation.

Analysis of village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) welfare: Social capital as moderation

Else Meilani Yustin, Hilmy Baroroh — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Proper management of village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) can be one of the pillars of independence for villages to realize mutual benefit and has multiplier effect for their members. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the performance of BUMDes on the welfare of management and BUMDes members, using social capital as a moderation variables evidence from Sleman Regency. This BUMDes performance measurement uses three components of performance measurement, there are: responsiveness, responsibility, and accountability. Well-being is measured using income variables. The sample size of this study around 11 BUMDes with a total of 50 respondents. This study used quantitative methods with PLS-SEM analysis model and WarpPLS 7.0 analysis tool. These findings reveal that responsiveness, responsibility, and accountability have an impact on the revenues of management and BUMDes members. Meanwhile, the variable of social capital moderation can only strengthen the relationship between the responsiveness of BUMDes to the income of BUMDes management and BUMDes members. The implication of the study to improve the quality of human resources and the ability to commit to managing BUMDEs as crucial factors to increase BUMDEs performances and lead to an increase in their member's welfare.

Does the development of fintech promote debt risk? Evidence from East Java province

Angga Restu Wardhana, Diyan Indriyani — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Developments of financial technology have an impact on economic growth and people’s income. The rapid development of fintech has the impact of increasing financial inclusion or debt risk. This study aims to determine the impact of fintech on consumption behaviour and debt risks in East Java. The research data is from January 2019 - December 2020 with fintech variables, online loans, consumption levels, and debt risk. The research methods used are SVAR and OLS to provide an explanation of the impact of fintech on consumption behaviour and debt risk. The results of the research, fintech in the short-run restriction does not directly affect consumption levels, but in the long-run restriction, it directly affects consumption. Fintech will affect consumption through online lending. On the other hand, fintech has a significant effect on loan risk. The policy mix between related institutions can increase the positive role of fintech and mitigate loan risk.

Long-term stability of money demand and monetary policy in Indonesia

Vinna Agustantira, Imam Asngari, Sri Andaiyani — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term and short-term relationship between inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, and economic growth to the demand for money in Indonesia. The method used in this study is Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Data used are money demand, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, GDP in Indonesia for the period 2015-2021. The results of this study are inflation has a positive relationship and significantly affects the demand for money, interest rates have a negative relationship and does not affect significantly, the exchange rate has a positive relationship, while GDP has a positive relationship in the short term, but in the long term has a negative relationship and does not affect significantly. Policymakers should develop and implement comprehensive long-term economic plans that prioritize sustainable growth. This may include initiatives to diversify the economy, enhance productivity, improve infrastructure, and promote investments to foster a stable economic environment that minimizes adverse effects on the demand for money in the long run. This research can help monetary authorities determine appropriate policies to maintain economic stability, such as collaborating with the government in overcoming market failures with the aim of achieving price stability.

Market volatility on the balance of payments in ASEAN countries

Nova Riza Ayu Andini — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to determine the effect of volatility on the stock market proxied by stock indices and financial markets proxied by exchange rates on the balance of payments proxied by direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN member countries for the period 2013 to 2022. The balance of payments is a systematic record of economic transactions involving one country with another country in a certain period of time, therefore the balance of payments can be influenced by various components, one of which is the market. This research is important because the results of previous research are inconsistent and over time many economic phenomena occur that will affect a country's balance of payments. The novelty of this study lies in its particular focus on the effect of market turmoil on the balance of payments in ASEAN countries. This study used quantitative methods using secondary data. This research uses panel data analysis techniques with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The results of this study show that partially the stock index has a significant positive effect and the exchange rate has a significant negative effect on the balance of payments. This research can provide important insights for business decision makers, governments, and international institutions to understand and respond to rapid economic developments in ASEAN.

Flypaper effect phenomenon on regional spending: Evidence from Lampung province

Suripto Suripto, Istanti Istanti, Rai Rake Setyawan, Fina Hajar Aulia — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The existence of constitutional changes due to regional autonomy and changes in financial authority as a result of decentralization are expected to make provinces in Indonesia more flexible in using regional financial budgets. However, the use of regional budgets exceeds central government transfers towards more consumptive regions, which impacts the flypaper effect phenomenon. This study aims to identify the government's fiscal influence on regional spending and the influence of flypaper on the effectiveness of regional spending. The aim of this research is also to analyze the possibility of a flypaper effect on regional spending in districts/cities in Lampung province and to see the influence of own sources revenue (PAD), general allocation funds (DAU), special allocation funds (DAK), profit sharing funds (DBH) on regional spending. Research location in Lampung Province (district/city) for the 2016-2020. The number of samples used was 15 districts/cities. The data source from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) website is secondary data from the annual Regional Financial Statistics report for Lampung Province. The analytical tool used is panel data regression. The research results show that PAD and DAU are significant to regional spending, while DAK and DBH are not significant to regional expenditures. This indicates that with five years of regional spending, Lampung Province has a flypaper effect phenomenon.

Is village fund direct cash assistance effective for the poor affected by Covid-19 in Central Java?

Suparjito Bin Karnoto — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to assess the government policy implementation in assisting communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic through the Village Fund Direct Cash Assistance (BLT DD). This research is important to assess the success of policies that have been implemented by the government in the field. Data were collected from village funds realized in the Central Java Province in 2020. The regional government's financial performance assessment was analyzed using secondary data. The validity and reliability analysis of the questionnaire data were also used to measure the performance of BLT DD management. The results of secondary data processing showed that the performance of BLT DD management is running effectively and efficiently. Meanwhile, the primary data processing results from the questionnaire indicated that the management has been going well, starting from the planning, implementation, responsibility, professionalism, and accountability stages of the village government apparatus as the spearhead of BLT DD management. The implication of the study is the BLT DD distribution through a transfer to the bank account of each beneficiary.