NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture

The use of Guthrie’s theory in a combination of stimulus and response

Yules Orlando Sianipar — 2024-05-18

Eliminating punishment can lead to a lack of focus or the emergence of bad habits that can affect the teaching and learning process. Stimulus and response should be given continuously as Guthrie suggested. The Contiguous Conditioning Theory created by Edwin Ray Guthrie (1886-1959) says the punishment given during the learning process is needed to change a person's behavior, exercises and tests or tests need to be done to get used to the stimulus that is needed. The purpose of this research are 1) to find the effects of using punishment, reward, exercise, and test (fatigue method), 2) to find The Contiguous Conditioning Theory using fatigue method in one single trial learning can be a new technique in learning English. It is experimental research. The result shows the Guthrie theory of fatigue method in one single trial learning is considered appropriate. The use of punishment and rewards gives a better stimulus. The experiment group has a better average point.

“This is not easy”: Unveiling the nuances of discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ teenagers in Heartstopper Season I (2022)

Ririn Kurnia Trisnawati — 2024-05-18

A majority of LGBTQ+ students experience harassment or assault based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It is as depicted in the Netflix Series entitled Heartstopper released in 2022. While the show centers on the budding romance between Nick and Charlie, it also delves into the experiences of a wider LGBTQ+ friend group. Thus, the aim of this current study is to examine the portrayal of discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ teenagers in Heartstopper Season 1 and identify its causes, including the characters of color and those identifying as lesbian and gay. The qualitative approach is used using dialogues and pictures as the main data. Besides, gender theory is also employed to analyze the data features LGBTQ+ characters and the discrimination they experience. The result shows that the discrimination comes from both racial background and general people's expectation. Also, the discrimination against gay characters arguably happens due to the rejection of the community, in this case the same-sex school community. Machoism and masculinity may become the main reasons for rejecting, and thus discriminating against gay students as they are seen as weak and thin. By revealing the causes of such discrimination, we hope that the current research may shed light on how to prevent any discrimination against each other, including people with different sexual orientation.

A contrastive study of the English and Myanmar configurations of process, participants, and circumstances from the systemic functional perspective

Lai Yee Win — 2024-05-18

This study seeks to explore the similarities and distinctions inherent in the transitivity configurations of English and Myanmar from the Systemic Functional perspective. The investigation reveals that both languages share a commonality in comprising three fundamental elements: process, participant roles, and circumstantial elements. However, their degree of integration between processes and participants is comparatively limited. Salient distinguishing features emerge in terms of the sequencing of transitivity elements, their ellipsis, and salience. In English transitivity configurations, processes typically manifest after the first or second participant role, or both. In instances involving an empty Subject (It/There), the process immediately ensues. Additionally, the positional relations between processes and participant roles are more numerous. Circumstantial elements conventionally find placement at the clause's outset, between the first participant role and process, between the process and second participant role, or at the clause's conclusion. Ellipsis of participant roles may occur sporadically. Conversely, Myanmar transitivity configurations exhibit participant roles at the clause's beginning, with processes commonly positioned at the clause's culmination. The positional relations between processes and participant roles are less frequent. Circumstantial elements are conventionally situated at the clause's outset, between participant roles, or preceding the process. While ellipsis of processes is infrequent, ellipsis of participant roles transpires more frequently. These findings significantly contribute to the ongoing comparative analysis of transitivity configurations across languages, especially in the context of Myanmar and other global languages.

Comparing congratulatory speech in Javanese and Sundanese: influence of culture on strategies

Shena Fiosa Nofendralova — 2024-05-18

While several expressive speech acts like requesting, apologizing, and inviting had been widely studied, the speech act of congratulating has been given little attention. This study compared how Javanese and Sundanese speakers congratulate each other, which has not been studied much before. This research also looked at how age, social power, and social distance affect the way people congratulate each other. The contribution of this paper lies in providing a nuanced understanding of how cultural and social values in Javanese and Sundanese societies shape congratulatory speech acts. The study involved 60 participants who completed a written Discourse Completion Task (DCT). A mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods was used for analysis. The data was coded and categorized using Elwood's (2004) framework. The study identified new strategies, such as mentioning occasion and divine remarks, that were significant in relation to the dataset. Participants responded to five real-life situations by providing congratulatory expressions in their local language on a Google Form. The most frequently utilized strategy is the expression of surprise which is followed by IFID in the second position. The presence of divine remarks in the act of congratulating in this study is attributed with the highly influence of Islamic culture in Indonesia. In terms of social position, social distance, and age, both groups demonstrate a preference for employing High variety (H) when interacting with individuals with higher position or older individuals.

Visual comparison of Rama’s and Rahwana’s characters in Javanese and Kelantanese wayang kulit

Arif Ardy Wibowo — 2024-05-18

Ramayana, a well-known tale originating from India, has been embraced across Southeast Asia. In regions like Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Kelantan, Malaysia, local customs have influenced its portrayal, character representation leading to deviations in storyline and. The aim of this study to compare the visual depiction of key characters, particularly Rama and Rahwana, in Javanese and Kelantanese Wayang Kulit, symbolizing the protagonist and antagonist, respectively. This study intends to contribute by revealing the impact of local visual traditions on the enduring grandeur of the Ramayana tale. The method is comparative study, begin with defining data, collecting data from Yogyakarta and Kelantan master of puppets through interview and documentation, analyzing data, displaying data and draw conclusion. The result is found that there are visual similarities and differences related to Rama and Rahwana character. The common visual similarities such as crown, weapon, cloth and accessories. Meanwhile the difference shows that Javanese and Kelantanese is only about the detail of the cloth, the animal rides (Kelantan version), and the size of the Wayang Kulit. In Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Kelantan, Malaysia, the story of Ramayana is depicted in unique ways, influenced by cultural variations. These distinctions manifest in the characters' looks, headgear, weapon characteristics, facial expressions, and facial coloring. Further investigation is necessary to delve into these differences and understand the puppeteers' role in conveying moral messages to the community.

Decoding IELTS writing performance: Grammatical Clauses mastery by Universitas Ahmad Dahlan students

Muhammad Adi Pratama — 2024-05-18

Indonesian learners of English produced ungrammaticalities in their writing for the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and faced complicated writing score descriptors for self-evaluations and improvements. These problems were observed among students at Universitas Ahmad Dahlan during their preparatory course for IELT. To address this issue, this study focused on identifying some rules in grammar, the grammatical and ungrammatical clauses based on subject-verb (S + V) structures in their writing performances and measuring the proportions of the two clause types in accordance with the performance’s score variation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. To do so, the study conducted archival research by retrieving data from the teacher's course documents. The archived handwritten writing performances were transcribed manually into digital texts. It employed syntactic analysis to classify the clauses as either grammatical or ungrammatical. It converted the numbers of each clause type per performance into percentages for comparison, and grouped them according to the different scores as the variable. The results showed that the participants produced predominantly simple grammatical clauses to minimize failures when generating more complex structures. To achieve the minimum score of 6 in the writing section, the proportion of grammatically correct and incorrect clauses should be above 47% and below 53%, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights into predicting scores, especially concerning the dimension of 'grammatical range and accuracy in the writing assessment, which benefit both learners and educators.

Power relations in the novel My Name is Alam by Leila S. Chudori

Tristanti Apriyani — 2024-05-18

Exploring discursive formations in literary works allows researchers to analyze how language and discourse shape meaning, power dynamics, and cultural ideologies within a specific literary context. Understanding the discursive formations in literary works is crucial for comprehending the historical and social context in which these works were produced. This research aims to describe the forms and representations of power relations in the novel My Name is Alam by Leila S. Chudori. This is qualitative descriptive research where the data is interpreted using the genealogical and archaeological analysis methods promoted by Foucault. This method aims to uncover and understand hidden power dynamics in various aspects of human life. The research results prove that the author's statements were spread across various formations and became material for discussion. Two forms of power relations are being discussed; the first is the New Order government's practice of authoritarian power in its various policies, which limits human rights. Second, there is resistance from marginalized groups, namely political prisoners and their families. This form of resistance is an effort by marginalized groups to fight for equality and justice. The New Order government in Indonesia constructed a discourse to create a simulated space to legitimize its power within national memory politics. This simulated world is a blend of reality and fantasy constantly reproduced. As a result, the actual reality becomes obscured, and the symbols created are perceived as reality.