From Violence to Virality: A Quantitative Analysis of Online Conversations Following the 2024 Terrorist Attacks in Germany

Authors

  • Livio Calabresi Università Statale, Milano, Italy
  • Michele Zizza Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12928/mms.v6i2.13921

Keywords:

Discourse Analysis, Mediatization, Social Media Platforms, Terrorism , Quantitative Analysis

Abstract

Terrorist attacks are no longer isolated acts of violence; they are also events that reverberate within an interconnected platform ecosystem, where public discourse is shaped by online narratives and social media engagement. This study provides a quantitative analysis of online conversations following three major terrorist attacks that occurred in Germany in 2024: the Mannheim stabbing (May 31st), the Solingen attack (August 23rd), and the Magdeburg Christmas market incident (December 20th). The research examines engagement levels, keyword frequencies, hashtag usage, and platform-specific trends, offering valuable insights into terrorism-related narratives evolve in digital spaces. Through automated sentiment analysis and keyword tracking, this research highlights how public discourse on terrorism intertwines with broader ideological debates on immigration, security policies, and religious identity. These findings primarily contribute to media studies, specifically focusing on mediatization of terrorism and security crisis, offering insights into how digital ecosystems mediate public reactions to violence. The results underscore the need for responsible media reporting and nuanced policy responses to mitigate the spread of unregulated narratives and stigmatization of minority communities, fostering a more informed public discourse on security and radicalization.

References

Berger, J. M. (2018). Extremism. MIT Press.

Bloom, M. (2019). Small Arms: Children and Terrorism. Cornell University Press.

Braniff, W. (2021). Terrorism as a Business. Routledge.

Byman, D. L. (2020). Road Warriors: Foreign Fighters in the Armies of Jihad. Oxford University Press.

Choi, S. W. (2024). Transnational Terrorist Attacks. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-859

Correia, V. J. (2022). An explorative study into the importance of defining and classifying cyber terrorism in the United Kingdom. In SN Computer Science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00962-5

Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Jones, L. J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2015). The Psychological Impact of Terrorism. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7(17), 56.

Gillani, D. (2022). Defining Terrorism: Why Does The UN Fail? Journal of Indian Studies. https://jis.pu.edu.pk/44/article/view/1065

Gunaratna, R., & Jia, L. (2017). Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific: Threat and Counter-strategies. World Scientific.

Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., de Jong, J., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., & Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid–Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence. Psychiatry (New York), 70(4), 283–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2021.2005387

Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press.

Iqbal, K., & Shah, N. A. (2018). Defining terrorism in Pakistani anti-terrorism law. Global Journal of Comparative Law. https://brill.com/view/journals/gjcl/7/2/article-p272_272.xml

Jackson, R. (2005). Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-Terrorism. Manchester University Press.

Kisla, S. N. (2022). The Role of the United Nations Security Council in the Fight against International Terrorism in the Context of the Problem of Defining Terrorism. ASBUHFD. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/asbulj4&section=14

Lajevardi, N. (2021). The media matters: Muslim American portrayals and the effects on mass attitudes. The Journal of Politics, 83(3), 1060–1079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/711300

Laqueur, W. (1977). Terrorism (First Edit). Little, Brown.

Nacos, B. L. (2016). Mass-Mediated Terrorism: Mainstream and Digital Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism (3rd Edition (ed.)).

Neumann, P. R. (2020). The Problem of Right-Wing Terrorism. CTC Sentinel, 13(7), 1–7.

Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, and Set of Capacities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1–2), 127–150.

Pillar, P. R. (2001). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press.

Pillar, P. R. (2016). Why America Misunderstands the World: National Experience and Roots of Misperception. Columbia University Press.

Popovic, M., & Kozar, S. (2023). Defining the concept of terrorism from the antropological perspective. Journal of Contemporary Philosophical …. http://journals.eikipub.com/index.php/jcpas/article/view/56

Rafique, N., Faraz, S., & Jabeen, I. (2023). Defining of Terrorism in Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Law. Research Journal of Social Sciences …. https://rjsser.org.pk/ojs/index.php/rjsser/article/view/587

Richardson, L. (2006). What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat. Random House.

Sageman, M. (2017). Misunderstanding Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Salehian, T., Gheytasi, S., & Ahmadinejad, H. (2025). The US Discursive Logic in Defining Terrorism: Representation of Hezbollah and Tahrir al-Sham. American Strategic Studies. https://asr.ihu.ac.ir/article_209748.html?lang=en

Schmid, A P. (2025). Defining Terrorism: Why It Matters. The Routledge Companion to Terrorism Studies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003540168-3

Schmid, Alex P. (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge.

Schmid, Alex P. (2023). Defining Terrorism.

Schmidt, T. K. L., & von Sikorski, C. (2017). The Diffusion of Crisis-Related Communication on Social Media: An Empirical Analysis of Facebook Reactions. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1555–1564.

Schulz, W., & Wessler, H. (2019). Collective Sense-Making in Times of Crisis: Connecting Terror Management Theory with Social Media Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 9(2), 635–645.

Seib, P., & Janbek, D. M. (2010). Global Terrorism and New Media: The Post-Al Qaeda Generation. Routledge.

Singh, C. (2023). The Conundrum of Defining and Prosecuting Terrorism: A Review of United Kingdom and International Reponses. International Journal of Criminology …. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/w24x5/the-conundrum-of-defining-and-prosecuting-terrorism-a-review-of-united-kingdom-and-international-reponses

Spaaij, R. (2010). Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment." Trends in Organized Crime. Trends in Organized Crime, 13(3), 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.501426

Štětka, V., & Mihelj, S. (2024). The Illiberal Public Sphere: Media in Polarized Societies. Springer Nature.

Van der Brug, W., & van Spanje, J. (2023). How terrorist attacks distort public debates: A comparative study of the effects of terrorist attacks on political attitudes and preferences in Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 30(4), 564–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2269194

Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. Oxford University Press.

Weimann, G. (2015). Terrorism in Cyberspace: The Next Generation. Columbia University Press. Columbia University Press.

Weimann, G., & Winn, C. (1994). The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. Longman.

Xu, Z., Lin, Y., Cai, H., Zhang, W., Shi, J., & Situ, L. (2024). Risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks based on the Global Terrorism Database from 1970 to 2020. In Humanities and Social Science Communications. nature.com. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03597-y

Downloads

Published

2025-07-30

Issue

Section

Articles