Journal of Vocational Education Studies

Digital Transformation Factors Affecting Vocational Students’ Learning Outcomes: Toward a Comfort-Centered Model

2025-02-11T15:06:09+00:00

The accelerated evolution of digital technology during the Fourth Industrial Revolution has revolutionized vocational education, requiring not just technical competence but also digital and emotional adaptability. This investigation aims to develop a comfort-based model that mediates technology comfort in mediating digital preparedness, infrastructure support, technical obstacles, and learning outcomes among vocational learners. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was adopted, incorporating quantitative correlation studies and qualitative interviews with 59 students and 7 participants for triangulation. Quantitative findings indicated significant positive correlations between digital preparedness (r = 0.346, p < 0.05) and infrastructure support (r = 0.312, p < 0.05) with technology comfort, while technical obstacles reflected a weak and non-significant negative association (r = -0.251, ns). In addition, technology comfort significantly correlated with learning outcomes (r = 0.417, p < 0.01), substantiating its mediating function. The qualitative findings identified students' emotional experience, usability experience, and adaptive confidence as key elements of comfort. The study broadens the scope of the Extended Educational Technology Acceptance Model (EETAM) by incorporating affective processes consistent with Self-Determination Theory. This investigation identifies that promoting emotional comfort with digital support-based pedagogy can encourage students' engagement and learning ability in vocational education.

Analysis of Factors Determining Competence in Vocational Teacher Candidates: A SEM Approach

2026-02-02T02:19:45+00:00

Efforts to improve the competence of prospective vocational teachers require educational management that effectively integrates institutional factors and learning quality. This study aims to analyze the determinant factors influencing the competency formation of prospective vocational teacher candidates in higher education. A quantitative survey design was employed involving 278 respondents, consisting of 73 lecturers and 205 alumni selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test a structural model involving six latent variables, 58 indicators, and 32 hypotheses. The results show that graduate competence can be explained by the proposed model with an R² value of 71.90%. Social adaptation skills, character and exemplary behavior, motivation, and goal achievement emerged as dominant indicators of competency formation, while understanding of current technology showed the lowest contribution. The findings also indicate that learning quality plays a central mediating role in transforming institutional factors, including managerial leadership, academic culture, academic atmosphere, and lecturer competence, into graduate competence. This study contributes to the development of an integrated model of vocational teacher competency formation and provides practical implications for Teacher Education Institution leaders in strengthening leadership practices, lecturer development, and learning quality improvement.

Transformation of Advertising Text Writing Lessons through the Project-Based Learning Model: A Constructivist Approach in Vocational Schools

2026-01-06T01:46:26+00:00

Teaching advertising writing in vocational high schools continues to face a gap between students’ linguistic knowledge and the expectations of professional practice. Although students often understand textual structures, they frequently struggle to produce persuasive advertising texts that are contextually appropriate and aligned with creative industry standards. This study aims to develop and examine the effectiveness of a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model grounded in constructivist principles for advertising writing instruction in vocational education. A Research and Development approach using the ADDIE framework was employed and implemented through limited and extensive trials involving intact vocational classes functioning as experimental and comparison groups. Data were collected through writing performance tests, multimodal product assessment, classroom observations, student questionnaires, and qualitative feedback from industry practitioners acting as guest teachers. Quantitative analysis using paired and independent sample statistical tests indicates a significant improvement in students’ advertising writing performance after the model revision, particularly in message clarity, copywriting effectiveness, and coherence between textual and visual elements. Qualitative findings further reveal increased student learning independence, reflected in greater initiative during planning, revision, and decision-making processes. Industry practitioners’ feedback also contributed to aligning student work with professional communication standards. These findings suggest that the revised PjBL model is effective in supporting advertising writing as a multimodal vocational competence and illustrate how constructivist project-based instruction can bridge classroom learning with professional communication practices.

Transforming the Vocational Workforce: A Multi-Perspective Study on Fintech Adoption in Indonesia

2025-12-23T15:07:15+00:00

The research fills a gap, in which we find that conventional technology adoption models such as TAM and UTAUT are not predicting vocational workers acceptance behaviour well (40-60%) and no prior work has extended these theories to be adapted generic model for skills worker. Methods: Sequential explanatory mixed-method design consisting of systematic literature review (301 studies), quantitative survey (n = 618 vocational workers in five Indonesian cities) and qualitative focus groups (n = 86). The model was also confirmed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the software AMOS 26.0. IFAM has a prediction accuracy of 84.5%, which is much higher than that in TAM (55%) and UTAUT (62%). Personal characteristics are found to be the strongest predictor of adoption (γ=0.684) with digital literacy emerging as its significant dimension (β=0.845). There is a significant mediator effect of User quality (β=0.745), and it has been cascading to the individual (β=0.682.), organizational (0.624)., process(β=0.594) and technology dimension((β=0.568). The model indicates acceptable validity indices (χ2/ df= 2.842, RMSEA =0.054; CFI =0.962; GFI = 0.924). to the best of our knowledge, his model is one of the only theoretically-based adoption model that has been empirically validated and included both vocational learning theories and technology acceptance models. The two-stage mediating process, synthesis of types of resistance and the hierarchical pathway effect are original theoretical contributions. The instructions in the VOCTECH-ADAPT model provide a well-defined path for implementers on how they should work when engaging with digital FI projects.

From Workshop to Workplace: Transforming Vocational Education Through Authentic Assessment - A Systematic Review

2025-10-24T01:26:46+00:00

This systematic literature review examines the evolution and effectiveness of authentic assessment practices in vocational education, with a particular focus on automotive engineering programs from 2015 to 2024. Using the PRISMA protocol, we analyzed 17 studies to identify critical success factors, challenges in implementation, and the impact of authentic assessment on both technical competencies and soft skills development. Our analysis reveals three key findings: (1) institutions that adopted comprehensive, authentic assessment frameworks achieved significant improvements in both technical competencies (35% increase) and soft skills development (28% increase); (2) successful implementation was strongly correlated with three critical factors: structured stakeholder engagement (85% effectiveness), technology integration (78% success rate), and robust quality assurance mechanisms (92% implementation rate); and (3) assessment practices evolved from basic frameworks to sophisticated, technology-integrated systems, with implementation success rates improving from 45% to 90% over the studied period. These findings provide practical guidance for vocational institutions by presenting a comprehensive framework that integrates technological innovation with pedagogical best practices while aligning closely with industry needs. The study emphasizes the importance of authentic assessment in preparing students for modern workplace demands, especially in integrating both technical and soft skills. This research advances the theoretical understanding of authentic assessment in vocational education, highlighting its role in enhancing student outcomes and fostering industry alignment.

Development of Teaching Materials Based on Digital Pocket Book Chapter on Cake Decorating for Students of Vocational School of Culinary Art

2025-10-03T10:03:49+00:00

Digital learning tools in vocational education, especially in culinary arts is relatively limited. Cake decorating is one of the crucial topics that requires engaging and accessible materials to provide students’ independence yet often underrepresented. The purpose of research and development is to produce teaching material products based on digital pocket book chapter material for cake decorating materials for class XII vocational students of culinary skills and determine the feasibility and practicality of teaching materials. The development of teaching materials uses the four-D model which consists of define, design, develop, disseminate. Research data collection in the form of validation questionnaires and trial questionnaires. The validation results showed that the teaching materials were feasible with the acquisition of material expert scores of 118 with a percentage of 78% in the fairly feasible category, media experts 109 with a percentage of 97% in the feasible category, information technology experts 70 with a percentage of 92% in the feasible category, linguists 48 with a percentage of 100% in the feasible category, small-scale trials 790 with a percentage of 82% in the feasible category, large group trials 1,200 with a percentage of 88% in the feasible category, and practicality tests 795 with a percentage of 83% in the practical category. The findings conclude that the digital pocket book chapter material for cake decorating materials is suitable and effective teaching resource for Grade XII vocational students in the Culinary Skills Program.

Discrepancy in Industrial Acceptance Between Vocational High School (SMK) and Bachelor's Degree (S1) Graduates: a Combined Analysis of Secondary Data and Industry Perspectives

2025-07-29T04:00:47+00:00

This study examines the employment acceptance gap between SMK (vocational high school) and S1 (university) graduates across industrial sectors in Indonesia. BPS data shows that the open unemployment rate for SMK graduates is higher than that of S1 graduates, even though SMK is designed to produce job-ready workers. This mixed-method study uses secondary data from BPS and the Ministry of Manpower, as well as semi-structured interviews with five HRD practitioners from manufacturing, services, logistics, retail, and technology sectors. The findings indicate that the gap is caused by skills mismatch, low soft skills among SMK graduates, and limited industry linkages. In contrast, S1 graduates are considered more adaptable in cognitive and communication skills, although not always in technical skills. The study highlights the need for vocational education reform, including curriculum improvement, industry-based competency certification, and stronger collaboration between government, schools, and industries to improve SMK graduates’ employability and reduce the unemployment gap.

Digital Competence of Vocational Teachers in the Industrial Era 4.0: Literature Analysis with the PRISMA Approach

2025-07-29T03:56:23+00:00

Rapid technological advancements have transformed many aspects of education, including the vocational learning environment. Teachers in vocational schools are expected to master digital skills to support the learning process and meet the demands of the evolving workforce. However, the digital competence of vocational educators remains uneven and often underdeveloped in many regions. This study aims to systematically review current research on teachers’ digital competence in vocational education. The study focuses on identifying key themes, trends, and challenges discussed in the current literature to provide a clearer understanding of the field. The method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review. A total of 1,250 articles were identified through database searches and manual references. After removing duplicates and irrelevant studies, 10 articles were selected for in-depth analysis. The selection process followed the PRISMA framework to ensure transparency and reliability. The study findings revealed that vocational teachers are increasingly aware of the need to develop digital skills. However, many still struggle due to limited access to digital devices, lack of training opportunities, and low institutional support. The most frequently emphasized competencies include digital pedagogy, the ability to use educational technology, and the ability to create digital learning content. In conclusion, improving digital competence among vocational teachers requires more than individual efforts. Strong institutional support, regular training programs, and stronger links between schools and industry are needed.

Augmented Reality Application for Makeup Style Transfer: A Bibliometric Study

2025-07-29T01:44:24+00:00

This study examines the development and trends in the use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology applied to makeup style transfer through a bibliometric approach. Using publication data from the Scopus database covering the period from 2013 to 2025, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to map the growth of scientific literature in this field. The results reveal a significant increase in the number of publications, particularly in recent years, indicating a growing research interest. Key contributing authors, journals, and countries were successfully identified, with notable cross-institutional and cross-regional collaborations. The findings also highlight that deep learning methods—especially Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)—have emerged as the dominant technology in makeup style transfer research, driving progress in the development of realistic and efficient virtual makeup applications. This study underscores the potential of AR as a major innovation in beauty education and practice, offering interactive and personalized learning experiences. Future research is recommended to focus on the development of more accurate and accessible AR technologies to support the ongoing advancement of the beauty industry.

Design of Teaching Materials for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Fundamentals in Vocational Education: a Systematic Literature Review

2025-07-29T03:53:54+00:00

Transition toward electric vehicles creates new demands for vocational education, particularly in preparing students with Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) competencies. Although crucial, structured and pedagogically based HEV fundamental teaching materials remain underexplored. This study analyzes global research trends in designing HEV teaching materials through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 25 international studies published over the last two decades. Analysis focuses on three main aspects: (1) global development trends of HEV teaching materials, (2) digital technologies utilized in their development, and (3) the most frequently taught fundamental HEV concepts in vocational education. The results show a developmental trend shifting toward integrating digital project-based learning and simulations to facilitate complex conceptual understanding. Dominant digital technologies include virtual laboratories & experimental platforms (48%), interactive multimedia & simulation-based learning (28%), and e-learning & digital curriculum systems (24%), which are proven to increase learning interactivity and effectiveness. The most frequently taught concepts cover powertrain architecture & configuration (24%), energy management & control strategies (16%), and vehicle dynamics & performance (16%). Pedagogically, these materials are integrated through Project-Based Learning (PBL), simulation-based instructions, and direct laboratory experiences, aligning with competency-based vocational education. This study concludes that the future of HEV education relies on the synergistic integration of digital technology, authentic problem-solving, and multidisciplinary collaboration. This integration enhances conceptual understanding and applied technical competencies, supporting the broader goal of sustainable automotive education in the electrification era.

English Language Learning in Encouraging the Aviation Security: Case Study at Vocational Training Program

2025-06-29T15:35:34+00:00

Indonesian Language is playing a crucial role as a unifying tool and the official language for government communications as stated at Article 36 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. However, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) designates six official languages: French, English, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, and Chinese, to facilitate communication among its 193 member states. This study employs a qualitative design, utilizing document analysis and interviews to explore the potential strategies for improving English language proficiency in the aviation sector. The results indicate that to enhance English proficiency among aviation personnel in Indonesia, tailored ESP Programs, simulation-based training, regular assessments, and blended learning approaches should be implemented. Collaborations with international organizations and support from the government will further ensure alignment with ICAO standards, fostering effective communication in critical situations. The discussion highlights the importance of English proficiency at Indonesian airports for providing directions and services, in compliance with Indonesia's ratification of ICAO's six languages. This study recommends some potential strategies to strengthening English language education in Indonesia's aviation sector to support effective international communication and enhance service quality at airports, aligning with ICAO standards.

Community Interest and the Future of Community Academy: a Case for Establishing a State Polytechnic in West-South Aceh

2025-07-29T03:54:57+00:00

This study examines community perceptions and levels of interest in the establishment of a state polytechnic in the West-South Aceh region, particularly following the collaborative initiative of D4 programs by Akademi Komunitas Negeri Aceh Barat (AKN Aceh Barat) and Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe (PNL). Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected through an online survey completed by 242 respondents. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were applied to assess perceptions across three key indicators: the urgency of establishing a polytechnic, personal interest in attending, and family interest in polytechnic education. Results indicate overwhelming support across demographic groups, with over 93% consider the establishment urgent, and more than 84% expressed personal or familial interest. Although men showed significantly higher personal interest than women, no significant differences were observed by region or education level. Community preferences for mining, maritime, and informatics programs demonstrate a clear connection to the region’s workforce demands and industrial profile. These findings provide strong empirical support for upgrading AKN Aceh Barat into a state polytechnic, addressing both educational and regional workforce development needs.

Development of Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines Using Quick Response Code on Land Measuring Tools for Students Vocational

2025-06-11T13:13:04+00:00

In 2023, Indonesia recorded 370,747 work accident cases across various sectors, with the construction sector contributing the highest percentage at 40%. Many accidents are caused by limited understanding and low compliance with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) procedures. Improving OSH understanding can be achieved through education, especially in vocational schools. SMK Negeri 3 Semarang has implemented an independent curriculum with a teaching factory system, but there is still no systematic OSH guide for soil measurement learning. Therefore, this study aims to develop a more structured and innovative QR Code-assisted OSH guide for soil measurement.This research used the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model. The sample consisted of 70 Phase E students from the Construction and Housing Engineering program. Data analysis included validation by material experts and media experts to determine feasibility, practicality tests through teacher and student questionnaires, and effectiveness tests using pretest and posttest results. The data were first tested for normality and homogeneity before being analyzed using the T-Test and N-Gain test. The results showed that both material and media expert validations reached 91%, while the practicality test scored 92%. The effectiveness test produced an N-Gain score of 79%, categorized as effective. These findings indicate that the QR Code-assisted soil measurement OSH guide is feasible, practical, and effective in improving students’ understanding and implementation of OSH procedures.

Evaluation of Technology-Based Learning on Effectiveness and Student Satisfaction: a Case Study at the Tax Center UNPAD

2025-06-29T15:30:17+00:00

This study aims to evaluates the effectiveness and satisfaction of technology-based instruction that combines Blended Learning and Student-Centered Learning (SCL) in Income Tax courses at the Tax Center, Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD). Using a mixed-methods design, survey data from 52 students were analyzed with multiple regression to test the effects of student involvement, student roles, and implementation challenges on learning effectiveness and satisfaction; interviews and document analysis enriched the interpretation. Quantitative results show that both student involvement and student roles are positively associated with learning effectiveness, whereas implementation challenges do not exert a meaningful impact on effectiveness in this context. In contrast, student satisfaction is shaped by all three factors, with challenges emerging as the strongest driver, indicating that even highly engaged, well-positioned learners may report lower satisfaction when facing technical or organizational barriers. Qualitative findings corroborate these patterns: students value flexibility, interactivity, and the ability to review recordings, yet cite connectivity issues, reduced hands-on practice, and concentration lapses during long online sessions. Students propose practical remedies such as on-camera policies, contingency plans for disruptions, and recording face-to-face sessions for later review. The study highlights the need to pair active, role-rich pedagogy with robust facilitation and infrastructure to sustain both effectiveness and satisfaction in vocational tax education.

Development of Vision-Based Mobile Learning Media for Robotic System Competency Improvement in Vocational High School

2025-05-26T15:53:55+00:00

This developmental research evaluates the development, performance, feasibility, and effectiveness of mobile robot learning media for goods transfer based on the HUSKYLENS vision sensor as an effort to improve robotic system competencies in vocational high schools. This research employs the ADDIE development model, which includes five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research site is located at SMK KB Pusdikpal Cimahi. The subjects of this research are 11th-grade students specializing in mechatronics engineering, and the object of this research is the learning media for a vision-based mobile robot used to move goods. In this study, the data analysis employed is quantitative descriptive analysis, which is used to describe the feasibility, functionality, and effectiveness of the study. Based on assessments from subject matter experts, media experts, and users, the findings of this study reveal that the mobile robot learning media for item transfer, utilizing the HUSKYLENS vision sensor, are considered valid and practical for use in the classroom. Hypothesis testing results indicate that the developed learning media are effective in enhancing students' competencies in robotic systems.

Building Sustainable Futures: Enhancing Construction Workforce Competence in BIM for Blue Infrastructure

2025-04-17T15:41:01+00:00

Digital transformation in the construction industry requires a workforce with competencies to address sustainability challenges, especially in coastal blue infrastructure projects. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become an important technology because it can integrate hydrological, ecological, and construction analysis into one collaborative model, making it highly relevant for blue infrastructure planning.This study aims to analyze workforce competency needs in utilizing BIM for blue infrastructure planning and identify its role in supporting implementation. The research used a quantitative approach through surveys of construction professionals in Indonesia, supported by literature studies. The results show that BIM mastery is the digital skill most needed by the industry, but there is still a significant competency gap among workers. The main challenges include institutions not being ready to integrate BIM into the curriculum, economic limitations related to software licensing, and weak sustainability-oriented training curriculum design.This study recommends a roadmap for BIM integration into vocational education through curriculum reform, teacher capacity building, industry collaboration, and the development of national certification standards to accelerate digital transformation in the construction sector. The findings also emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary competencies such as environmental awareness, data analysis, and collaborative problem solving to support sustainable construction practices.

Unveiling the Effect of School and District Factors on Vocational High School National Exam in Indonesia

2025-04-17T15:40:02+00:00

In the last ten years, Indonesia has shifted the development of secondary schools from general secondary education to vocational secondary education. The presidential decree of 2022 strengthened the government's commitment to developing vocational high schools. The number of vocational schools and student participation has increased significantly. However, despite the increased student participation in vocational high schools and the government policy toward empowering vocational education, the graduates of vocational high schools are less employed than graduates of public secondary schools in the country. This study examines how school and district characteristics affect the national exam scores of vocational high school students. Applying a cross-sectional regression of around 12,000 public and private vocational high schools in Indonesia, the study shows that the national exam scores, both general and specific competency scores, of the students in vocational high schools are positively affected by the share of vocational teachers in the school and accreditation status of the schools. Moreover, students in public vocational schools in information and communication technology and engineering, located in urban areas and the western part of Indonesia, have relatively higher average national exam scores. Several issues that hindered the enhancement of vocational high schools in Indonesia, among others, are insufficient number and competency of vocational teachers, inadequate facilities to support practical teaching, and mismatch between students' competency and demand in the labor market.

The Effect of Family Environment, World of Work Knowledge, and Work Motivation on Mental Work Readiness of Vocational School Students in East Lombok

2025-02-11T14:45:27+00:00

This study investigates the effects of family environment, knowledge of the world of work, and work motivation on the mental work readiness of vocational high school students in East Lombok. Employing an ex post facto design, the study targeted all grade XI vocational schools in the region offer engineering programs that encompass TKR, Ototronik, TSM, and Heavy Equipment. A total of 196 students were selected through proportional random sampling to ensure representative distribution across schools. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, and multiple regression in SPSS. The findings reveal: (1) a significant effect of family environment on work readiness (r = 0.618, R² = 0.382, p < 0.001); (2) a significant effect of knowledge of the world of work on work readiness (r = 0.782, R² = 0.611, p < 0.001); (3) a significant effect of work motivation on work readiness (r = 0.694, R² = 0.481, p < 0.001); and (4) a combined influence of family environment, knowledge of the world of work, and work motivation on work readiness (R = 0.832, R² = 0.693, p < 0.001). These results underscore the critical role of both internal and contextual factors in shaping students’ preparedness for the workforce.

Development of a Blended Learning Model Based on Edmodo for PKL Students in Vocational High Schools

2024-09-03T03:28:51+00:00

The purpose of this study was to develop an Edmodo-based blended learning model for street vendors in vocational high schools, analyze the feasibility of the model, and test its effectiveness. The study was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah Sampang, Cilacap Regency, using a research and development (R&D) method based on the ADDIE model. The research design used a one-group pretest-posttest design. The development procedure included analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. In the analysis stage, a student needs survey was conducted, while the design stage was adjusted to the learning needs. The next stage of development included validation by experts on the model and materials, and then the product was revised. Implementation was carried out on 60 students of grade XI in the Light Vehicle Engineering study program. The research results show that Edmodo-based blended learning is suitable as an alternative learning model, particularly to support internship activities. This model can be implemented according to a plan consisting of orientation, organization, investigation, analysis, and evaluation. In terms of effectiveness, student learning outcomes with Edmodo-based blended learning achieved an average of above 80, significantly different from the group not using Edmodo. Furthermore, this model can increase student motivation and learning independence. Based on these findings, the study recommends further development of the Edmodo-based blended learning model as a complement to face-to-face learning, especially in normative and adaptive subjects in vocational high schools.

Leadership Strategy of the School Principal in Improving the Quality of Education in Remote Areas

2025-02-11T14:35:58+00:00

This study aims to analyze the leadership strategy of the school principal in improving the quality of education in remote areas, specifically at SMKN 12 Sarolangun. Remote areas often face various challenges in accessing quality education, such as limited infrastructure, minimal government support, and low community participation in education. Therefore, the role of the school principal is crucial in creating an environment that supports the improvement of education quality in these areas. This research employs a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Participants in this study include the school principal, teachers, and other relevant stakeholders involved in the educational process at SMKN 12 Sarolangun. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques to identify and describe the various leadership strategies implemented by the principal in addressing the existing challenges and efforts to enhance the quality of education. The results show that the principal at SMKN 12 Sarolangun applies several leadership strategies, including human resource development, improving the quality of teaching and learning, and utilizing technology and networking with external parties. In addition, the principal is also active in building partnerships with the community and related agencies to support educational activities at the school. This research is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of educational leadership strategies in remote areas and serve as a reference for other school principals in efforts to improve education quality in similar conditions.

English Communication Readiness: A Case of Pre-service Flight Attendants in a Private Vocational Higher Education

2025-02-11T14:35:34+00:00

Flight attendants play a crucial role in airline operation, being responsible for both delivering hospitality and ensuring safety. Therefore, effective English communication is essential throughout the journey. In Indonesia, where English is a foreign language, this study aims to assess the English communication readiness of pre-service flight attendants during in-flight service. The study was conducted at an aviation college offering a specialized training program for future flight attendants. All enrolled pre-service flight attendants participated in three steps of assessments: (1) English proficiency test, (2) an English interview test, and (3) intercultural sensitivity scale test (ISS). The result of the first test shows that 86% of the pre-service flight attendants were classified as novice English learners. Furthermore, a mere 31% of participants surpassed the moderate threshold in showcasing their English-speaking abilities during in-flight service. Merely 10% showed a high level of sensitivity while engaging with passengers from other countries. Ultimately, approximately 26% of them have the necessary English communication skills to effectively assist passengers throughout the flight. Therefore, this study proposes several implications. Firstly, English training for pre-service flight attendants should prioritize the practical aspects of in-flight services to passengers. Secondly, it should equip pre-service flight attendants with the necessary interpersonal skills to effectively interact with foreign passengers. Lastly, there is a need to enhance vocabulary proficiency in areas related to in-flight service, emergency situations, and safety.