The Influence of Parental Guidance, Group of Peers, School Promotion, and Career Information on Course Preference Decision Class X SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul

Article history Received Apr 18, 2020 Revised May 21, 2021 Accepted May 31, 2021 The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of parental guidance, peer group, school promotion, and career information on course preference decision. This study applied a mixed-method with quantitative (multiple regression) followed by the qualitative stage. The quantitative analysis technique is done by a regression test and continued with qualitative. The results showed that partially and simultaneously, the variables of parental guidance, peer groups, school promotion, and career information affected the decision making in choosing the competency of students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. Career information factors of 12.98% most influence students' decision making in choosing expertise competencies. School promotion contributed 8.20% of the decision. The peer factor contributes to 4.78% of the students’ choices. The last of these factors was parental guidance, which provided 4.43%. This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license.

the details of the school details shown through pictures and information. This information will be processed with the experience of both himself and others so that it will determine the assessment of the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul. If the promotion given by the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul can attract prospective new students, students will feel happy and satisfied with the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul so that it will be followed by the decision to choose a school in the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul.
Apart from that, some factors also influence student decision making in choosing vocational competency, namely career information. Vocational School is a vocational school, students who decide Vocational School certainly have the desire to work after graduating from school; therefore students must choose competency skills that are in accordance with their abilities also following the changing times, for that student must have a variety of information about careers that have job opportunities or opportunities much later on from the competencies of the chosen skills. An understanding of work will provide more information to students so that it can be used as a basis for making career decisions (Lestari & Supriyo, 2016). Job prospects and high income can be one of the considerations for interested people to choose a major in a particular Vocational School.
Based on these descriptions, the authors are interested in expressing parental guidance, peer groups, school promotion, and career information, which can influence students in determining their choice to choose competency skills in SMK.

Method
This research is mixed-method research. The mixed-method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research in a study (Creswell, 2015). The method used is explanatory sequential mixed methods. The variables in this study consisted of four kinds of independent variables, consisting of parental guidance (X1), Peer group (X2), School promotion (X3), and career information(X4); and the dependent variable is the decision making to choose expertise competency (Y). Population selected was all 10th-grade students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul as many as 1067 students. The sample in this study was 446 students. An example in conducting the interview was done after knowing which variables would be more significant in influencing students' decision to choose expertise competencies.
This research uses mixed-method research by combining two existing forms of research, namely, quantitative research and qualitative research. This research is a type of Ex Post Facto design research in which there is no manipulation of treatment of the independent variables. Ex post facto study examines what has happened to the subject. Ex post facto means "after the fact" because research is done after an event has occurred, this research is research tracing back to an event or an event and then trace back to find out the factors that can cause the incident. This research was conducted after students chose expertise competencies, then find out whether 10.12928/joves.v4i1.2073 parental guidance factors, peer groups, school promotions, and career information influence when students want expertise competencies. In this study, the quantitative method is carried out in analyzing data using numerical data or numbers processed by statistical purposes, after obtaining the results, then described by describing conclusions based on the numbers prepared by the analytical method. A qualitative approach is carried out after getting the results of which variable is more significant, which influences the selection of competencies, carried out an analysis of qualitative approaches using descriptive methods. In the implementation, interviews will be conducted related to more significant variables affecting students.
The questionnaire method was used to determine the effect of parental guidance, peer groups, school promotion, and career information on decision making to choose the expertise competencies of class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. In compiling this questionnaire, researchers used a Likert scale. Qualitative data collection techniques using semistructured interview techniques. Using this semi-structured interview, each respondent is asked the same question, and the researcher notes the answer or records it. In this interview process also uses the technique of triangulation of data collection sources. This is used to test the credibility and validity of the data from the results of the interview. between variables and also the influence between variables. To see the relationship between variables can be seen from the high R-value and its significance value p <0.05, then the relationship between variables is significant, whereas if the significance value p <0.01, then the relationship between variables is very significant. And to see the effect between variables can be seen in the significant value in the coefficient table if p <0.05, then the effect is significant, whereas if the value of p <0.01, then the effect is very significant.
Qualitative data analysis in this study will use Miles and Huberman data analysis, models.
According to (Sugiyono, 2017), activity in the process of analyzing Miles and Huberman's data model is: (1) Data Reduction, In this data reduction process, the researcher explains the results of the interview by summarizing, selecting the main points, focusing on the essential matters, looking for themes and patterns, and removing unnecessary information., (2) Presentation of Data, After the data has been reduced, the next step is to present the data. In qualitative research, the presentation of data will be done in the form of brief descriptions, charts, relationships between categories, etc. By displaying the reduced data, it will be easier to understand what is happening., (3) Verification, The final step in the analysis of qualitative data is drawing conclusions and verification. The outcome in this qualitative research is to be able to answer the problem formulation that was formulated from the beginning or even in the form of new findings that had never before existed. These findings can be in the form of a description or description of an object that was previously still in doubt, become apparent.

Research Question 1
The hypothesis in this study was tested using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis are presented in Table 1. it means that students make a choice of majors based on the much-needed career information so that it is hoped that when they graduate from school they can immediately get a job. The results of the analysis on the effect of parental accompaniment on decision making show that the regression coefficient value obtained is positive, which is 0.14, meaning that the more often parents provide guidance, the stronger the decisions are taken by students to determine the chosen course. The t value obtained is 3.29 with a significance of 0.00 where the value is less than 0.05, which means that parental guidance has a significant effect on student decision making. Thus, it can be concluded that the hypothesis which states, "There is a significant influence between the parental guidance variable and the decision to choose skill competencies in class X students" is accepted.
The results of the analysis on Peer Influence on Decision Making, show that the regression coefficient value obtained is positive, which is 0.16, meaning that the more information and invitations from peers about a major, the stronger the decisions are taken by students to determine the courses that are selected. The t value obtained was 3.85 with a significance of 0.00 where the value was less than 0.05, meaning that peers had a significant influence on student decision making. Thus, it can be concluded that the hypothesis which states, "There is a significant influence between peer variables and the decision to choose skill competencies in class X students" is accepted.
The results of the analysis on the Effect of School Promotion on Decision Making, show that the regression coefficient obtained is positive, namely 0.22, meaning that the more often schools promote a department, the stronger the decisions taken by students to determine the chosen course. The t value obtained was 5.20 with a significance of 0.00 where the value was less than 0.05, meaning that school promotion had a significant effect on student decision making. Thus, it can be concluded that the hypothesis which states, "There is a significant influence between school promotion variables and the decision to choose skill competencies in class X students" is accepted.
The results of the analysis on the Effect of Career Information on Decision Making, show that the regression coefficient obtained is positive, namely 0.29, meaning that the more often schools provide information about careers that can be achieved through a department, the stronger the decisions taken by students to determine courses The selected. The t value obtained was 6.46 with a significance of 0.00 where the value was less than 0.05, meaning that career information had a significant influence on student decision making. Thus, it can be concluded that the hypothesis which states, "There is a significant influence between career information variables and the decision to choose skills competency in class X students" is accepted.
The influence of parental guidance, peer groups, school promotion, and career information together on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul.
The decision to select expertise competency in a Vocational School is a thought process of several alternative competency skills or possibilities that best suit student goals. The results showed that parental guidance, peer groups, school promotion, and career information together had a positive effect on the decision to choose competency skills in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. This shows that if the guidance of parents, peer groups, school promotion, and career information together increases, the decision to choose competency skills in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul will also increase.
The decision to choose expertise competency serves as the first step in student activity before undergoing or entering the life of learning in Vocational Schools. This is in line with Hasan (2002) and job opportunities. Determining choices of majors needs to be adjusted to the strengths and weaknesses of the students and to choose appropriate majors.
The final stage in decision making is the completion of the decision by choosing a department that supports the achievement of the ideals, deciding to enter a vocational school following the ability, and there is confidence in the decisions taken in selecting the department when first registering at the Vocational School. Decisions in choosing majors in SMK require appropriate consideration and selection and assess the impact of the election results because it will be the responsibility of students to learn based on the decisions taken. This is in line with the opinion of Laden (2014) that is the result of a decision that has been made by someone who must be accountable either for himself or for others relating to the decision.

The influence of parental guidance on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul.
The advice, in general, aims to help children to get reasonable adjustments in learning situations so that every child can learn efficiently following their abilities and achieve optimal Parents also provide facilities that support students so that they can make it easy to obtain information and understanding as a consideration in choosing majors at SMK. Facilities provided by parents to help children in finding information and selecting the right majors that are by providing mobile phones, internet access, stationery, and books that support the selection of majors. Parental guidance by helping to overcome various learning difficulties experienced also has a significant role towards class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul in deciding on choosing majors. Majors can be done by inviting children to discuss interests and abilities as well as instilling to like and learn well the chosen majors. Parents can be used as the most comfortable place to tell problems and help provide advice when students have difficulty choosing majors.
Based on the results of interviews with students explaining that parents help overcome various difficulties, especially in terms of choosing competency, expertise is done by discussing, convincing choices, reminding to learn, giving explanations about majors, and providing solutions to problems faced.
The selection of majors in SMK according to the parents of students of class X SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul only leaves students with the decision to choose a major, and there are no questionnaires and interviews from schools to students and parents to be ready to carry out learning according to the chosen majors. Suggestions recommended by parents based on the results of interviews that vocational schools should provide assistance, test competencies, interests, and talents to students. Schools should also offer directives through conversations with prospective students and parents.

The influence of peer groups on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul.
Vocational students are in adolescence, which is a transition period from childhood to adulthood and have the need to get along with many people, especially peers. Therefore, the closeness of peers in the development and formation of student identity is important because students can be more spend more time with friends than with family to exchange information about various things, including vocational competency skills. The results showed that peer groups had a positive effect on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. If the close relationship with peer groups increases, the decision to select expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul will also increase. These results are in line with research by Rini (2014), which explains that there are peers who also play a role as friends to share and also provide choices for majoring in education. The existence of peers is essential for class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. The similarity in various aspects, especially age and status, causes students to feel comfortable when together with peers. This is consistent with Santrock's opinion (2003) that children tend to feel comfortable being with their peers rather than being with adults, even though adults are accepting and understanding. Peers have various functions, according to Susanto (2018), among others, to gain pleasure and to adapt to stress, to problem-solving and acquisition of knowledge, as a basis for establishing more musical forms of relationships, and as a context in which necessary social skills obtained or improved.
Peers in influencing the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul can be seen from the existence of peer interaction, social roles, and openness. This is in line with Fitria et al. (2017) that peer interaction is peer interaction that is held with close friends, interests, and intensity in groups, social roles of individuals when in groups, and social comparison as a process of mutual influence and mutual behavior compete.
Interaction between peers that influence the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X Openness between peers in supporting decision-making in choosing competency skills is demonstrated by exchanging information about the majors at SMK and telling each other the preferred majors. Peer groups, according to Aziz et al. (2015) namely as a learning group that is seen based on the process of relationships or interactions between individuals in the group, and one indicator of the relationship process is the existence of openness. Based on the results of interviews with students explained that students discuss or tell majors in vocational schools that are preferred and selected. increases, the decision to select competency expertise in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul will also increase. The results of Fadjrin and Muhsin's (2017) research showed that there was a positive and significant influence on the partial promotion of school on the interest of students choosing majors. The results of the study by Gusdiandika and Sinduwiatmo (2012) also explained that there was an influence of school promotion activities on the decision of students to choose schools in SMK.

Development of Muhammadiyah Vocational Schools in
School promotion activities in influencing the choice of expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul can be seen from the ability to provide information, advertising, and marketing. The ability to provide information in school promotion is demonstrated by providing clear, easy to understand, and complete information about majors in SMK. Some promotional objectives, according to Kotler and Keller (2009), inform, persuade, and remind. Based on the results of interviews with students explaining that SMKs provide clarity of the information to students about the various competency skills offered.
Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul advertises schools using promotional media (banners, billboards, banners, brochures), through social media, through radio, making presentations to SMP/MTs, conducting skills training in SMP/MTs, leading social services in the community or recitation, give prizes/scholarships to prospective students, do door to door to prospective students' homes, invite guardians of potential junior high school/MTs alumni to vocational schools, provide free services/services, and so on. Based on the results of interviews with students explained that the expertise competency advertisements made by SMK are engaging, informative, clear, and easy to understand. The role of marketing is as a consideration for the selection of majors by Muhammadiyah Vocational School students in Bantul because of presentations that are easily recognized from SMKs who come to SMP / MTs. Gusdiandika & Sinduwiatmo (2012) explained that in direct marketing, given the ease, presentation, and question and answer. Based on the results of interviews with students told that the performances of vocational competencies held by vocational schools were engaging, easy to understand, and transparent. But not all junior high schools were visited by vocational high schools that held presentations to promote the choice of competency skills or majors. Based on the results of interviews with the Principal explained that the majority of promotional activities carried out went well but needed evaluation. An evaluation was conducted to find out the strengths and weaknesses as well as the best solution in promoting majors at the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul.

The influence of career information on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul.
Career information is information, facts, and ideas that include information about the various fields of work, work activities, and competencies that must be possessed. The results of the research show that career information has a positive effect on the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. Career information is essential for students as a reference material that provides knowledge and understanding of careers so that it can be used as consideration for decision making choosing majors in SMK. The career information that supports the decision to select competency skills in class X students of SMK Parental guidance has an impact on the decision to select the expertise competency that is equal to 4.43%.
The reason one factor is more influential than the others in contributing to the decision to choose expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul.
The factor that has the most significant influence in providing to the decision to select expertise competencies in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul is career information.
The results are supported by interviews with students, which show that students consider information from various sources related to the chosen competency expertise. 10.12928/joves.v4i1.2073 Career information is the most influential factor because it is an essential factor as a reference that supports decisions in choosing majors for the future of students. The availability of career information relevant to the skills possessed by students can support in facing difficulties in making decisions in choosing expertise competencies at SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul. This is in line with Hidayati's opinion (2015), which explains that problems in making decisions can be avoided when students have an adequate amount of information about matters related to the world of his career.
Career information is one of the knowledge that contributes to students by explaining the description of Vocational Schools and arousing students' interest to enter the Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul. If the career information possessed by students is low, then it can cause low career maturity of students needed in making career choice decisions. This is in line with Kamil & Daniati (2016) which states that the causes of the low career maturity of students are indicated by the low number of students planning a career, the small number of students seeking career information, lack of knowledge about making career decisions, lack of knowledge about the world of work, lack of understanding of preferred occupational groups and the profound realization of students' career decisions. Career information is not only a factual object but as the ability of a psychological process to transform that information, which is associated with future choices and life goals. The content of career information is a career service that seeks to help individuals to plan, decide, and plan for the future they will live (Hidayati, 2015).
Student opinion is related to the tendency of decision making to choose the competence of class X students.
Class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah students in Bantul have different ways of making decisions in choosing expertise competencies at SMK. The decision-making tendency to select the expertise competency of Grade X students of SMK Muhammadiyah Vocational School in Bantul can be based on specific criteria according to the conditions of the students and how students can determine competency skills. The criteria used to select choices of expertise competency based on the results of interviews with students include conformity to expertise or ability, interest, ease of finding work after graduating from a vocational school, and following labor market needs. Ways to determine expertise competencies based on interviews with students of Muhammadiyah Vocational Schools in Bantul, namely by looking at the abilities, desires, talents, discussing with parents and friends, and looking for information about the chosen majors. This is in line with Rahmayu & Serli (2018), which explains that prospective students are expected to be able to assess their interests, talents, and abilities so as not to choose the wrong major to be taken.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research and discussion, the main findings of this study can be concluded as follows: (1)  and career information jointly influence students to determine the decision to choose competency skills by 30.39%. In sequence, the factors that have the biggest to the smallest influence are career information, school promotion, peer groups, and parental guidance. (7) Career information factor has the most significant influence in contributing to the decision to choose competency skills in class X students of SMK Muhammadiyah in Bantul because students need consideration of information from various sources as a reference that supports the decision and supports in facing difficulties in choosing competency skills in SMK. (8) The tendency for decision making in choosing expertise competencies can be based on specific criteria, namely suitability with expertise or ability, interest, ease of finding work after graduating from a vocational school, and following labor market needs.