Build Students' Research Skills Through Collaborative Real-World Analysis-Based Learning

ABSTRACT


I. Introduction
Today's 21st Century of Learning demands higher education to produce graduates with skills to support life in the future. These skills are socio-cultural, critical, and creative thinking skills in metacognition and problemsolving, communication and technology literacy to explore information, and productivity in organizing and conducting research effectively and efficiently [1]. Research skills help graduates to critically investigate problems, generate and evaluate relevant data, and test ideas, theories, and hypotheses, which can be used to obtain information [2]. For prospective physics teacher students, skills in carrying out research are fundamental because it corresponds to the nature of physics itself, namely the scientific method.
In the early semester, physics teacher candidates at Universitas Nurul Huda take two practicum courses: fundamental physics and chemistry. These two courses provide students with the skills to conduct research through practicum activities in the laboratory. The physics experiment activities in the laboratory gave the impression of a Cookbook because students only followed the guidelines, student activity sheets, and available practicum guides. The cookbook type does not make students actively participate in discovering concepts because students only follow practicum procedures following the existing steps [3]. Efforts to overcome the weaknesses of the cookbook version of practicum can be made through practicum/research methods that invite students to recognize, observe and analyze real-world problems or phenomena through collaborative learning. This allows students to improve their abilities and research skills for the better.
Apart from regular lectures, this type of Student Creativity Program (PKM) also provides access for students to compile research proposals with several schemes, including PKM-Research and PKM Scientific Articles. Both schemes aim to hone students' research skills and lead to scientific publications. Research skills since the early semester have been given in the form of simple research activities related to various surrounding natural phenomena, either integrated within the course or outside the lecture. One of the goals is that prospective physics teachers can design physics research and carry it out with a suitable method and be able to apply science using technology by paying attention to the everyday environment [4]. The low research ability of prospective physics teacher students at Universitas Nurul Huda is increasingly visible when they take semesters 5-8, including 1) low ability to find problems, 2) inaccuracies in formulating problems, 3) inaccuracies in choosing research methods, 4) organizing research, 5) answering hypotheses and 6) lack of publication of research results. This ability is reflected in the final project, physics seminar courses, and other courses that require students to do research. In Indonesia, the low research skills of higher education students are reflected in several reports [5]- [8]. Students research skills in designing/designing experiments, formulating problems, and the accuracy of research methods still need to improve.
Research skills for students are essential skills [9]. This is because, in today's world of work, every individual must master research [10]. Through research, industry, companies, or institutions/agencies can develop businesses and findings that benefit society and their country. Research and innovation are essential parts of the development of science and technology. The foundation for research and technology development is to provide quality research skills to prospective researchers in the future. Universities can carry out this task as educational institutions that also act as centers for developing science and technology [7].
Students, as researchers, are active learners who emphasize research and investigation processes [11]. There needs to be more than just providing theories about scientific work to provide research provisions. Students need practice so that they have the skills to apply the scientific method. Research exercises are crucial for overcoming student learning problems [5]. Research skills are essential for students because science and technology continue to develop rapidly. By improving research skills, students will be better able to find and access relevant and accurate information, as well as analyze and evaluate this information critically. Research skills can also help students develop new ideas and solve problems creatively. Research skills also help students solve problems and find solutions to problems that exist in the real world.
In addition, research skills are also essential for students who will continue their postgraduate studies or work in fields that require research skills, such as researchers, academics, or professionals in technology or science. Thus, improving research skills is important for preparing students for future careers. Therefore, it is necessary to have a lesson that can build the skills of prospective physics teacher students. Learning models and strategies for the 21st Century need renewal that focuses on cooperative and collaborative learning to solve complex problems [12]. Some research on collaborative-based learning that is used in physics learning includes an exploratory assessment [13], a Collaborative Learning Annotation System [14], The Effect of Interaction in Collaborative Solving on speed problems [15], Collaborative learning innovations focus on inquiry, technology, and collaborative skills [16], Collaborative group learning in the introduction of physics learning [17], collaborative learning has a positive effect on overall attitudes and learning habits [18], Collaborative problem-solving based learning on thermodynamic learning for problem-solving and thinking skills reflective [19], Effect of Task-Based Collaborative Learning on Mathematical Physics Learning Outcomes [20] STEM-based online collaborative learning [21], Development of Collaborative Real World Analysis lectures for prospective physics teachers [22]. The usefulness of collaborative problem-solving utilizing decision-making tasks in improving physics teacher candidates' critical thinking skills [23] collaborative learning for metacognitive awareness [24]. The results of several research studies identified that collaborative learning had been implemented in physics learning, which focuses on improving higher-order thinking skills, attitudes, and learning innovations. However, innovation in physics learning that is integrated into direct observation activities, and real-world analysis in research activities that support the research skills of physics students has yet to be seen. This collaborative learning that follows the nature of physics and can be used to build research skills is Collaborative Real-World Analysis (CReW-A).
CRew-A is a learning model that aims to analyze the real world [22]. This learning model builds on collaborative learning, which is very important in the 21st Century. This learning occurs in dynamic and interdisciplinary teams, such as scientific teams. Collectively, students explore problems, explain and express ideas, argue, communicate, and reflect on knowledge [19]. Therefore, building the research skills of Physics Education students at Universitas Nurul Huda is very suitable for CRew-A learning because this learning can improve performance in the modern world through teamwork [25]. Collaborative learning supports student discussion and cooperation activities where they explain scientific phenomena and share knowledge through research (mini-research) [26].
Collaborative learning in physics lectures can help students understand complex concepts more effectively. For example, students can work together in groups to solve physics problems that require a deep understanding of different concepts. Collaborative learning can also help students understand how different concepts are interrelated and how they can work together to achieve set goals. Thus building students' research skills, it must be done from the start by designing learning that equips these skills, namely with CReW-A-based lectures. Therefore, this study aims to build students' research skills by applying the CReW-A learning model.

II. Theory Research Skills
Research systematically gathers and analyzes information to increase understanding of the studied phenomenon. Research skills are needed in conducting research, including using tools, strategies, problemsolving skills, critical thinking, and disseminating research results [27]. Research is considered an essential part of education, especially science education at the high school and university levels [28]. Science research skills refer to applying procedural and declarative knowledge to create and conduct scientific experiments properly.
Basic research skills include observation, measuring, classification, communication, generating inferences, making predictions, and integrated skills like analyzing data, manipulating variables, developing operational definitions, formulating hypotheses, and carrying out experiments. In general, research abilities involve developing, implementing, and reporting on research findings [11].
The research skill indicator used in this study adopted the assessment of the research ability indicator from [29], which is shown in Table 1.

Collaborative Learning
The characteristics of collaborative and studentcentered learning are one of the recommendations from [30] to be implemented in learning in higher education. These characteristics describe learning in the 21st Century. Therefore, collaborative learning integrated into a contextual approach (real-world situations) is suitable for application in higher education.
Collaborative problem-solving learning is an example of learning that is built on a constructivist approach [25], [31], [32]. Collaborative problem-solving stems from social constructivism, which emphasizes advancing knowledge through joint problem exploration, collaborative planning, and monitoring the problemsolving process to obtain better solutions [31]. This is due to its social and constructive nature. Collaborative problem-solving activities have become an instructional approach that facilitates the construction of scientific knowledge and increases students' understanding of scientific knowledge [33], [34]. Real World Learning helps students improve their understanding of problems (involving knowledge) and methodological competence in applying problem-solving approaches [35]. Real-World learning, if done collaboratively, will equip students with critical thinking to reflect and argue with their collaborating partners. In addition, students can apply problem-solving methods by analyzing problems systematically to provide alternative solutions through teamwork. Thus, the integration of Real-World Learning and Collaborative becomes a learning model following science and 21st Century learning characteristics.

Collaborative Real World Analysis (CReW-A)
Collaborative Real World Analysis (CReW-A) which has been developed by [36], is a future learning model that emphasizes the learning process of nature (real world) as a material object. The six stages of the CReW-A learning model sequentially are apperception, introduction, explanation, exercise, presentation, and reflection. The design characteristics of the CReW-A learning model are shown in Figure 1.
The six stages of the CReW-A learning model contain elements of 21st-century learning and are modified, as shown in Table 2.

III. Method
This research is a type of One-Shot Case Study [37], [38]. Respondents involved in this study came from 21 Physics Education students who took the Basic Physics Practicum 1 course. Before the lecture started, students were grouped into seven groups, each consisting of 3 people. The CReW-A (Collaborative Real-World Analysis) learning model builds students' research skills. The research was conducted in 4 meetings with the following topics: 1) Introduction to simple research, 2) Observation of phenomena in the surrounding environment related to physical phenomena, 3) Conducting research activities based on CReW-A, and 4) Reporting research results.
Research skills are assessed based on research reports produced by students. The scoring rubric uses a 5-point Likert rating scale. Research skills are evaluated based on five indicators, namely: 1) Problem identification, 2) Table 3.

Research objectives, 3) Research methods, 4) Analysis and conclusions, and 5) Suggestions and follow-up shown in
Student research skills data were analyzed using the Rasch modeling of the Wright map technique combined with the Logit Value of Person (LVP) [39]. Rasch modeling is one model that transforms ordinal data derived from a Likert rating scale into an interval scale [40], [41]. The software used is Microsoft Excel and Winsteps 4.6.1 [42]. Microsoft Excel software was used to prepare raw data, and Winsteps 4.6.1 was used to analyze data using Rasch modeling.

IV. Results and Discussion
Collaborative Real-World Analysis (CReW-A) is a future learning model that emphasizes the learning process of nature (the real world) as a material object [36]. The CReW-A learning model's six important stages sequentially: apperception, introduction, explanation, practice, presentation, and reflection.  Apperception The Apperception stage facilitates students to recall old material that has been studied and is related to the research that will be carried out. 2 Introduction The introduction is the information exploration stage. Lecturers provide stimulus through various information so that students examine real-world phenomena. Then students write down a list of problems they encounter in the real world.  The research method used follows the research objectives. The methodology is described and refers to sources relevant to the research topic.

4
Analysis and Conclusion Does not analyze the information collected. 1 Does not analyze the information collected and only reports findings.
2 Analyzing the information collected by making conclusions as a result of research conducted, but there is information that is not conveyed.

3
Analyzing the information collected by making comprehensive conclusions as a result of research conducted, but there is information that is not conveyed.  Not Providing advice and follow-up. 1 Provide advice that can not be implemented in the research area 2 Provide one suggestion that can be implemented and acted upon 3 Provide two suggestions that can be implemented and followed up at the research site.
4 Provide three or more suggestions that can be implemented and followed up at the research site.

Summary Statistic
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) describe the summary statistics of measurements made based on the person and item aspects. Based on the summary statistics described in Figure 2, it can be seen that the consistency of the respondents in answering has a good quality [43]- [45]. This is supported by the personal reliability value of 0.75 (Figure 2(a)). At the same time, the consistency of the items used to measure students' research skills also showed very good quality [46], [47]. This fact is illustrated by the item reliability value of 0.96. At the same time, the Cronbach alpha value is 0.77. This shows that the interaction between the person and the item used is included in the good category [43]- [45].
Based on the separation value, the ability to research the research group can be grouped into three strata, while the difficulty level of the items can be grouped up to six strata. Strata can be determined using Strata = ([4 × Separation]+1)/3 [48], [49]. The strata and separation indices estimate how well the instrument can statistically distinguish the difficulty grouping of items and people's abilities [50]. Based on the logit scale, the average research skill of the research group was 0.49 logit higher than the item difficulty level used to measure research skills. This shows that, in general, the research skills of each group are quite good.

Wright map
The hierarchical relationship between the ability to research each group and the items' difficulty level is illustrated through the Wright map in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Wright map student research skills
Wright map is one of the features of Rasch modeling analysis using Winsteps to display the interaction between ability level and item difficulty level [51]. In general, the Wright map is divided into two sides. The left side describes the condition of a person's ability, in this case, the ability to research students. The ability to research is mapped hierarchically from top to bottom. The research group in a higher location (higher logit) has a higher level of research ability than the other groups. While the right side describes the condition of the item's difficulty level, in this case, it is an indicator of research ability [52]. Item difficulty mapping from top to bottom. Research indicators that are difficult to carry out by the research group are placed at a higher location than other items. Figure 3 shows that the 4D group (-4.27 logit) has the lowest research ability compared to other research groups. The 4D group logit location is below all item logits on the right side. This shows that the 4D group has less than a 50% chance of mastering the five indicators of research skills used. On the same side, the 7G research group is in the highest location (2.90 logit). This shows that the 7G group is the group that has the highest level of research skills compared to other research groups. The location of the 7G group is in the top 4 indicators of research skills (S1, S2, S3, and S4). This shows that the 7G group has more than a 50% chance of mastering the four research indicators.
Based on Figure 3, on the right side (item difficulty level), it appears that item S5, "Suggestion and follow-up," is an indicator of research skills that has the highest logit value (8.26 logit). This indicates that the S5 indicator is the most difficult skill for the entire research group. While the S1 indicator, "Identify Problems," is the lowest indicator of research skills (-3.39 logit). This shows that the S1 indicator is mostly mastered by most of the research groups (six groups). An example of the results of the analysis of student problem identification is shown in Figure 4. Indicator "Identifying the problems" that the research group mostly mastered because, at the apperception stage, students were given the opportunity to recall material or phenomena related to the material/research to be carried out. The second stage is the information exploration stage, providing a stimulus from various information so that students examine phenomena in the real world. Then write down a list of problems they encounter in the real world or their surroundings. At this stage, students can explore and be interested in analyzing physical phenomena close to everyday life. According to Rotgans and Schmidt [53], problem analysis of everyday phenomena can help students develop and use scientific thinking habits to solve problems. The phenomena of analyzing real-world problems analyzed per group are: 1) The concept of uniform rectilinear motion in the process of making bricks, 2) The concept of moment of force or torque in seesaw games, 3) Parabolic motion in volleyball games, 4) Simple planes in bird pulley 5), Uniform straight motion on a moving car, 6) Simple harmonic motion on a swing, and 7) Simple machine on a lorry.
At the explanation stage, students are equipped with workflow provisions in conducting research by analyzing and observing phenomena that exist in the surrounding environment and are related to the physics concepts that have been studied. Then students write them down on student activity sheets that the lecturer has given. They were also asked to record and video their observations about the physical phenomena they encountered. This is  [54]. The student presentation stage shows the results of research that has been carried out based on analysis from the real world. Each group presented it in class, and then other students gave their comments and arguments against the research results. The final stage is reflection. In this activity, the lecturer confirms to students what important concepts have been learned and understood in the research project activities.
The results of data analysis show that student skills in the indicator "giving advice and follow-up" is in the weak category or the most difficult for students to master. Some things that underlie it are students who need help understanding the problems/phenomena of physics that are studied correctly and correctly. In addition, the ability to work with a team to solve physics problems is not maximized. This can be seen in presenting results that group leaders give arguments without being based on the results of discussions with the team. These results can be overcome by providing research learning experiences to students, of course, with the scientific method, namely; 1) familiarize students with identifying problems in detail by gathering sufficient information based on observed physical phenomena/events, 2) focusing on objectives to be achieved, 3) choosing and considering appropriate methods in physics research and 4) enhancing teamwork, and correction.
Follow-up in improving research abilities for physics education students in the early semester by getting used to doing mini-research (practicum/experiment) because it maximizes the management of student practicum because, in this learning, students are equipped with various aspects of research skills and have a good understanding of research [6]. Furthermore, efforts are made by integrating research results in collaborative team-based learning because collaboration-based learning in the real world directs students to work together in small groups to achieve goals in observing physical phenomena in everyday life [55]. The opportunity to participate in scientific activities such as seminars or conferences will allow them to meet experts and learn about the latest research trends and provide direction and guidance by guiding how to prepare research objectives and questions, collect and analyze data, and compile research reports. Thus, physics education students in the early semester will be trained in conducting research, making it easier for them to complete their final assignments in the advanced semester and be useful in the future.

V. Conclusion
The CReW-A learning model is a learning model that can be used to build research skills in physical education students. Most of the indicators of research skills in most research groups have been built. Students are ready to become innovators in facing the challenges of the 21st Century through their current research skills. Even so, the indicator "Compiling suggestions and follow-up" is one of the indicators that still needs to be strengthened.
The CReW-A learning model is innovative to improve students' skills in facing the challenges of the 21st Century. Many skills can be built after using this learning model, for example, thinking skills. Therefore, we recommend that future research apply the CReW-A learning model to build various thinking skills, such as higher-order thinking skills.

VI. Acknowledgment
Thank you to LPPM Universitas Nurul Huda for providing grants for research so that this research can be carried out and completed on time.