Review-Simulation Model of Power Electronic Converters by Using MATLAB

Salam Waley Shneen 1, Suaad Makki Jiaad 2

1 Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology–Iraq

2 College of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology–Iraq

1. INTRODUCTION

Efficiently converting and controlling energy requires continuous operation. Therefore, power electronics has become a branch of electrical engineering. It has emerged alongside modern technology as an advanced technology that encompasses numerous fields and has become part of many daily experiments, encompassing wide-ranging applications. Devices of all types, small and large, require technologies that ensure safe operation, meet the requirements, and provide the appropriate processors to meet the needs of diverse systems [1]-[5].

Semiconductors act as electronic switches, allowing or blocking current flow. First, diodes allow current in one direction and are made of silicon or germanium. The second type is the transistor, which includes the MOSFET. This type is suitable for low and medium power applications, characterized by its fast switching speed and high efficiency. Another type of switch is the IGBT transistor, suitable for high power applications, characterized by its high ability to handle both electrical current and voltage [6]-[10].

Rectifiers convert AC power to DC power, including single-phase and three-phase rectifiers. Rectifiers are used in many applications, such as charging batteries and operating a DC motor from an AC source using a rectifier-type converter. Inverters work in reverse, converting DC power to AC power, including single-phase and three-phase inverters. Inverters are used in many applications, such as electric cars powered by solar energy and AC motors. DC converters convert DC power from one level to a lower or higher level and are used in many applications, such as powering mobile phone systems, computers, and others. AC converters convert AC power from one level to another, lower or higher, in voltage or frequency, and are used in many applications, such as controlling motor speed and rotor position, among others [11]-[15].

Power electronics converts, regulates, and manages energy, as well as modulates waveforms. They are used in a wide range of applications, including electric and hybrid vehicles, smart grids, renewable energy systems, air conditioners, and more. They are also used in electronic drive (Automated Control), which involves the use of electronic circuits to automatically control and regulate the speed of an electric motor and the position of the rotor, as in robotics. Other important applications include battery charging and connecting batteries to power sources, the grid, and loads, as in electric vehicles and others [16]-[20].

Electrical power systems are connected through the main grid as an energy source, in addition to other sources that may be connected to the grid or may be isolated, including renewable energy systems. Sources vary in type, including alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Loads also vary, as they are AC or DC loads. Electrical quantities vary depending on the type of source, which may not match the load requirements. Therefore, converters may be required to provide the required quantity and type to cover the load requirements. Converters are connected to a fixed quantity and provide a variable output that can be controlled to achieve output according to load requirements. They can also regulate and control the speed and position of the rotating member of the motor, which is used to provide motion in many applications [21]-[25].

Power electronics has many applications, the first of which is power conversion, which is considered one of the main applications for converting energy from one form to another, such as converting alternating current to direct current. This type is called a rectifier, as in wind power generation systems. The second type is a DC-DC converter, which is also used in wind power systems. The converter output can be controlled with changes in wind speed, and the output is constant, as the conversion voltage is compatible with the grid. In electric vehicle applications, converters of this type are also used and connected to the electric vehicle battery. They can be powered by an AC or DC motor, and depending on the need, a suitable converter is used. Another application is controlling these motors, which can be operated by industrial robots according to automation, which can control the rotational speed of these motors, which provides the required movement at the appropriate time to perform the appropriate function, as well as controlling the position of the rotating member of these motors. It is characterized by the fact that the converter works to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption. It is used in lighting systems, which provides the ability to increase or decrease the brightness of LED lights, which makes them work more efficiently in addition to saving energy consumption. It also operates devices in many home and consumer applications, in addition to mobile phones and computers, which require the regulation of electrical quantities (voltage and current) to operate safely [26]-[30].

Power electronic converters are widely used in many fields and applications, making them a topic of great interest. They are classified according to the type of input and output power: DC/DC converter, DC/AC converter, AC/AC converter, and AC/DC converter. Researchers are interested in one or more converters, some of them are interested in the first type, which is a DC-DC step-up converter that converts a constant value to a variable value. This converter can be used to operate a DC motor with the ability to change and control its rotation speed. Other researchers have presented their studies on the same type in another application, such as battery charging systems using a step-down DC-DC converter. Still others have presented the remaining types, with their different names and functions. The current review presents four types of Power electronic converters, their various applications, and diverse power sources. The study included constructing simulation models for each type to identify the components of these systems and analyzing the system behavior for each type. The methodology was identified through previous studies, in addition to conducting verification tests using simulation models (MATLAB) for this study, simulations are based on theoretical models. The review aims to establish a foundation and methodology for specialists, including researchers, students, and engineers, to learn about the types of Power electronic converters and their working mechanisms [31]-[35].

The researchers of this review present a simulation model for each converter with default values for the converter input. The resulting output can be verified and compared with the standard values, which can be calculated theoretically and mathematically. The first type of converter included an inverter in both single-phase and three-phase configurations. A second simulation modeled a rectifier in both single-phase and three-phase configurations. The other two types were simulated in their step-up and step-down DC-DC configurations. Finally, a simulation model was constructed for a single-phase and three-phase AC-DC converter [36]-[40].

2. METHODOLOGY OF POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER

This section includes four types (Figure 1), the first an AC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is an alternating current converter to alternating current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase converters. The second a DC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is a direct current converter to alternating current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase inverters. The third DC-AC converter) identifies a type of electronic converter, which is a direct current converter to alternating current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase rectifiers. The fourth a DC-DC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is a direct current converter to direct current. It is classified into step-up converter and step-down converter [41]-[45].

Figure 1. Schematic of a power electronic converter types

1. AC-DC converter (rectifier)

A rectifier is a type of power converter. This converter converts alternating voltage to direct voltage, which can be used to power DC loads, such as operating a DC motor. It can also be used with storage units, such as charging batteries. This review covers single-phase and three-phase rectifiers. These types are presented in two varieties: half-wave and full-wave. The most common types of rectifiers are those that use diode rectifiers, which are called pan-controlled rectifiers, while those that use thyristors or transistors are called control rectifiers. The present review presents simulation models of single-phase (Figure 2) and three-phase (Figure 3) rectifiers with resistive loads to study and analyze the behavior of the rectifier in open-loop mode, i.e. without using control systems, for comparison with theoretical results. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the models through simulation results and comparison with theoretical calculations. It also demonstrated the feasibility of constructing and operating these types and their use in many different fields and applications [46]-[50].

Mathematical equation of single-phase rectifier as show bellow:

Figure 2. Sample of circuits for single phase rectifier (a)Single phase half wave rectifier by diode, (b) Single phase half wave rectifier by thyristor, (c) Single phase full wave rectifier by diode (d) Single phase full wave rectifier by thyristor

Mathematical equation of three-phase rectifier as show bellow:

Figure 3. Sample of circuits for three phase rectifiers (a) Three phase half wave rectifier by diode, (b) Three phase half wave rectifier by thyristor, (c) Three phase full wave rectifier by diode, (d)Three phase full wave rectifier by thyristor

2. Dc-Dc Converter

Electronic power converter circuits work to convert the input voltage of the electronic converter into a voltage at a smaller or greater rate at the output of the electronic converter. The Dc-Dc converter is a direct current converter with a fixed value at the input that is regulated at the output of the converter as needed according to the design of the converter. The converter is DC. There are three types of Dc converters: the first is a voltage raiser and works to increase the value of the input voltage to the converter and is called Boost Converter (Figure 4(a)). The second type works to reduce the voltage entering the converter and is called a Buck Converter (Figure 4(b)). There is a third type that raises the voltage and reduces the voltage and is called a Boost-Buck Converter [51]-[55]. DC-DC converter, another type uses a DC source with a DC-DC converter with a fixed input and variable output, controlled using PWM or various control units. Semiconductors (diodes, transistors (MOSFETs), IPGTs, and thyristors) are employed as active components, in addition to passive components such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors, which can be used to construct models of various types of transformers, including step-up transformers and step-down transformers. Converters, including DC to DC, are used when the supply is from a constant-voltage power source and the converter outputs a variable-voltage DC. These can be sourced from solar energy, a battery, a DC microgrid, or a DC generator connected to a wind turbine [56]-[60].

Figure 4. Sample of circuits for DC-DC converter (a) Buck converter, (b) Boost converter

3. AC-AC Converter

AC-AC converter, this converter converts a fixed AC quantity such as voltage and frequency into a variable AC quantity that can be controlled to increase or decrease the voltage or frequency (Figure 5). They are classified into single-phase and three-phase converters according to the type of power supply. A number of electronic switches are used to build the electronic converter. The converter consists of two terminals: the input terminal and the output terminal. The first terminal is connected to the constant AC power source, while the second terminal is connected to the load to be supplied with a variable AC quantity. One of the most important and common loads for which this type of transformer is used is controlling the rotational speed of single-phase and three-phase induction motors. They are classified according to wavelengths into two types: the first is a single-phase AC-AC converter (Figure 6(a)) with half-wave and full-wave qualities, and the second is a three-phase AC-AC converter (Figure 6(b)) with half-wave and full-wave qualities [61]-[65]. Power electronic systems: Power electronic transformers are among the most important components of electrical power systems, as they are connected to the power supply, the grid, loads, and energy storage units. Important applications include regulating and operating electrical machines, communication systems, production lines in industrial applications, computer operation, and more. Transformers are of interest due to their ability to make systems operate with high efficiency and energy quality, thanks to the development of their sources, the treatment of distortions and harmonics, and the improvement of the power factor, a factor that has economic benefits [66]-[70].

Figure 5. Schematic of AC-AC Converter at constant input and variable output

Figure 6. Sample of circuits for AC-AC converter (a) 1- phase AC-AC converter, (b) 3- phase AC-AC converter

4. Inverter

DC-AC converter (Inverter), the voltage inverter has an input from a DC source that connects to the inverter's input terminal. A solar power source, batteries, or a DC generator, which may be connected to a wind turbine, is connected to the inverter's input terminal. The inverter is designed and built with a number of electronic switches depending on the inverter type. Some of these switches are four-way switches, while the other two-way switches are single-phase (Figure 7(a)) inverters. There is another three-phase (Figure 7(b)) type consisting of three or six switches. The first type is a half-bridge type, while the second is a full-bridge type. The inverter output can be fixed voltage and frequency or variable. To control the source voltage inverter, you can use voltage control or frequency control, and you can also take the voltage-to-frequency ratio as a reference value for control. Inverter technology is the name given to modern devices that operate on the inverter principle. Modern technologies rely on relays and timers, which operate under specific conditions and shut down when those conditions change. These include refrigerators and air conditioners. To conserve as much energy as possible by consuming less and operating electrical appliances less, we connect sensors that sense operating conditions such as the temperature in room air conditioners and the cold in refrigerators, which makes them operate for a shorter period instead of continuously operating them, thus saving some energy [71]-[75].

Table 1 shows the characteristic and applications for power electronic converter. Table 2 shows the Comparison among types for power electronics converter. Table 3 shows the most important categories into which AC-to-AC power converters can be classified. This review of previous studies, which are used as scientific references for writing and presenting subcategories, includes hybrid electromagnetic converters, some of which require energy storage, others that do not, and converters that incorporate both current and voltage with pulse width modulation (PWM) technologies.

Figure 7. Sample of circuits for DC-AC converter (a) 1- phase DC-AC converter, (b) 3- phase DC-AC converter

Table 1. Characteristic and applications for power electronic converter

Table 2. Comparison among types for power electronics converter

Table 3. technical literature of ac–ac converter topologies [88]-[116]

3. POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR MOTOR DRIVES

Motors operate after being fed with electrical current. The first type operates after being fed with direct electrical current, and the second type operates after being fed with alternating electrical current. It includes single-phase and three-phase motors. Motors are similar in that they are composed of two parts, fixed and moving. They differ in the number of coil turns of the fixed part, and they differ in the size of the wire diameter of the coils and the method of connection according to the power of the motor and the number of poles to suit the required horsepower and the speed at which it rotates. The motor is considered a converter of electrical energy into mechanical energy, and the amount of mechanical output power depends on the design. The electrical input power therefore depends on the composition of the motor, the type of coils, and the method of connecting them. The basis for the operation of an electric motor is to supply it with voltage from an electrical power source, after which an electric current flows through the motor coils in a closed path, generating the magnetic flux in the air gap between the rotor and the stator, and from it a magnetic motive force is generated. It moves the rotor at a speed that depends on the amount of driving force, which in turn depends on the amount of flux generated, which depends on the amount of electric current, and the electric current depends on the amount of resistance of the coils, which depends on the thickness of the wire and the number of turns of the stator coils [76]-[80]. Figure 8 represents a voltage inverter connected to a load on the output side and a power source on the input side. The figure also shows the types of switches that can be used to construct an inverter, as well as some types of loads and some types of power sources for the inverter's input terminal.

Figure 8. Schematic of a source voltage inverter system.

A voltage inverter converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The inverter's input is connected to a DC source, while its output is connected to an AC load. The inverter's output may be connected to the grid or to another type of transformer, depending on the application. An important application for inverters is operating induction motors, such as in electric vehicle drive systems. They can be classified as single-phase voltage inverters and three-phase voltage inverters. Other types include half-bridge voltage inverters and full-bridge voltage inverters. Some studies on inverters may be similar, but differ, in terms of the number and type of electronic switches, the switching frequency of these switches, the type of filter associated with the inverter output, the inverter's input power source, other control systems, storage units, operating period, suitable applications, fault types, and many other topics related to voltage inverter systems, such as power supply systems for conventional fuel-powered systems such as AC generators and DC generators, power generation plants, and renewable energy systems [81]-[85]. The source voltage inverter can be represented by a diagram showing the system components, power supply terminals, and load, as shown in Figure 9(a) Another diagram showing the inverter components according to type and classification is shown in Figure 9(b), Figure 9(c) and Figure 9(d).

The system that drives the engine can be dampened by the fuel source, a control unit, an electronic power converter, sensors, and the electric motor. The control board relies on a reference signal that is compared with the actual output signal, and the comparison output must be as small as possible, and in the ideal case it will be zero, meaning the system works without error. When it works the system is in a stable state. Operating conditions can change and it turns into an unstable system state. Here comes the role of control systems to return the system to a stable state. It is called a change state. It is a transient state when the system departs from a stable state and returns to it [86]-[90]. Electronic power converters are used in a wide range of applications that require mechanical power to be driven by an electric motor. Electronic power converters depend on the process of electronic switching using electronic switches, and to provide appropriate behavior for the conversion process, we need to know the most important strategies adopted to achieve the highest efficiency in the conversion process [91]-[95].

In general, when choosing which system to drive the motor, you must focus on designing a system capable of producing an appropriate mechanical force that represents the force required at the output of the electric motor. To achieve the required power at the motor output, we need to provide the appropriate electrical power for this, and therefore we need a frequency and voltage to achieve this. The transformer works to provide the required and appropriate voltage and frequency at the output side of the transformer, while the source power with a certain frequency and voltage is linked to the transformer input, which can be used and converted according to the design of the electronic power transformer. The output of the electric motor is a mechanical force represented by the torque of the motor, as well as the speed of rotation of the rotor of the motor, which can be controlled in addition to the position of the rotor through the control systems associated with the system. It can be controlled by providing an appropriate output to the transformer that represents an input terminal to the motor. The control systems are connected to sensors for the engine output that is to be controlled using feedback with an appropriate control unit to handle errors in the system, such as transient states and system instability, and return it to a stable state as quickly as possible, eliminating system errors [96]-[100].

Figure 9. Block diagram system of Inverter (a) Block diagram general system of Inverter, (b) Block diagram single phase system of Inverter, (c) Block diagram 1ph_IM system of Inverter, (d) Block diagram 3ph_IM system of Inverter

4. SIMULATION MODEL OF POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER

A simulation model can be designed and built using a diode-type electronic switch, as well as a model without other control (Figure 10 to Figure 17). Control can be done using a transistor or thyristor. It also requires determining the available input value, which provides a load capacity, from which the load's electrical quantities (current, voltage, and resistance) can be determined. The model can also be simulated to verify its effectiveness and the feasibility of using electronic switches to manage the converter's operation and provide the required output voltage to cover the required load [101]-[105].

 This section includes four parts, the first part an AC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is an alternating current converter to alternating current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase converters. The second part a DC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is a direct current converter to alternating current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase inverters. The third part an AC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is an alternating current converter to direct current. It is classified into single-phase and three-phase rectifiers. The fourth part a DC-AC converter identifies a type of electronic converter, which is a direct current converter to direct current. It is classified into step-up converter and step-down converter [106]-[110].

Figure 10. Simulation model of 1ph- Half wave uncontrolled for AC/DC power electronic converter

Figure 11. Simulation model of 1ph- Half wave controlled for AC/DC power electronic converter

Figure 12. Simulation model of 3ph- Half wave uncontrolled for AC/DC power electronic converter

Figure 13. Simulation model of 3ph- Half wave controlled for AC/DC power electronic converter

Figure 14.  Simulation model of 3ph-Full wave controlled for DC/AC power electronic converter

Figure 15. Simulation model of 3ph-Full wave controlled for 3-ph IM

Figure 16. Simulation Model for 1-ph AC-AC Converter  

Figure 17. Simulation Model for DC-DC Converter  

5. CONCLUSIONS

In this review, a study of electronic power converters was presented and proposed. The review identified and examined the types of electronic power converters and their functions, allowing the appropriate application to be determined based on their functions. A modeling and simulation study was conducted, and simulation models of some of the proposed converters were tested to understand their behavior and operating characteristics using MATLAB. Finally, it is recommended that electronic power converters be used as an essential component in many fields that require converting the type or magnitude of an electrical quantity at different levels, depending on the need.

The importance of studying power electronics stems from its widespread use and applications in various fields, including industry, which is a major component of everyday life for all countries around the world.

• Development and progress in various fields of technology have encompassed power electronics with all its components, including devices, circuits, and transformers, enhancing the efficiency of these systems and making them a focus of specialists.
• It has developed solutions to all problems that have been identified over time, both in the past and present, and will continue to be addressed in the future and in the future of advanced science.
• There are numerous applications, including the presence of power electronics systems in stations, transportation, and renewable energy, as well as in vehicles, communications, and other fields.
• Most systems require controlling the required and appropriate amounts of power to operate with a specific behavior that overcomes any potential disturbances during immediate operation.
• Power electronics is one of the most important units assisting in the power control process, as it is linked to various control units to provide the appropriate type and quantity of power to meet the demand for system loads.

Power electronics includes DC-DC converters, which provide a constant DC voltage. The load is a DC motor whose speed changes when running, requiring a change in the applied voltage. This requires an electronic power converter.

• Converting a constant-value AC input to a variable-value AC output depending on the application. One such application is providing an AC voltage. The load is an AC motor whose speed changes when running, requiring a change in the applied voltage. This requires an electronic power converter.
• Changing the type of current and electrical quantities: converting a constant-value AC current to a constant or variable DC current, depending on the application and desired scope of use. This is called a rectifier. Finally, an inverter, which operates in reverse, consists of a constant-value DC input and a constant or variable AC output, depending on the application and desired scope of use.
• A study can be developed that includes system components for one of these units, along with a simulation model and system operation under various operating conditions.

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