Battery Usage Monitoring System Internet of Things-Based Electric Cars (IoT) and Radio Telemetry

Ahmad Firdaus Hasibuan, Alfian Ma’arif

Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1. INTRODUCTION

The first electric car was introduced by Robert Anderson from Scotland in 1832-1839 but at that time the price of fuel oil (BBM) was relatively cheap so people around the world tended to develop combustion engines that used fuel. Currently, fuel prices are increasingly expensive and reserves are very limited and difficult to control for the future [1]-[4].

Apart from that, there are environmental issues that are of global concern which are stated in Education for Sustainable Development (EfSD). This has triggered the development of the use of electrical energy in transportation systems as a substitute for fossil fuels, because electrical energy is easily produced from various sources, including renewable energy sources. An electric car is a car that is driven by an electric motor, using electrical energy stored in a battery or other energy storage location. Electric cars were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but their popularity faded due to advances in internal combustion engine technology and the cheaper price of gasoline vehicles [5]-[9].

The energy crisis in the 1970-1980s gave rise to little interest in electric cars, but it was only in the 2000s that new vehicle manufacturers paid serious attention to electric vehicles. This was caused by the soaring price of petroleum in the 2000s and many people in the 2000s. The world is already aware of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric cars are one of the means of transportation of the future because of their high efficiency and low pollution. High efficiency due to the absence of friction on the brush. Electric cars have several potential advantages compared to cars with internal combustion engines, the most important of which is that electric cars do not produce motor vehicle emissions, apart from that, this type of car also reduces greenhouse gas emissions because it does not require fossil fuels as fossil fuels. the main driver [10]-[15].

Currently, oil-fueled vehicles (cars) seem to have become a basic need for the wider community. The role of the car itself is very meaningful for all groups, from livelihoods to just material wealth. However, without realizing it, the increasing demand for car production is actually increasingly endangering human survival. The essence of this threat is the increasingly polluted air pollution on planet Earth. Therefore, a lot of research has been carried out on electric cars for modern development in developed countries. Making electric cars at Universitas Ahmad Dahlan has started since 2019. The implementers in making this electric car are students from the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Automotive Technology Vocational Education Study Program and Faculty of Industrial Technology, Electrical Engineering Study Program which started by taking part in a Comparative Study at a Contest Indonesian Electric Car 2019. 2019 at Bandung State Polytechnic. The support and role of the Academic Community of the Teacher Training and Education Faculty and the Faculty of Industrial Technology in making electric cars has increased the enthusiasm of students to produce an electric car called ADEV 01 Monalisa under the name Al-Qorni Team [16][17].

The electric cars that have been made are also being competed at national events such as FESC IIMS 2022 in Jakarta and Joint Electric Car Training between Universities by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) in the context of Road Day 2022 in Bandung and also the 2023 Indonesian Electric Car Contest in Bandung State Polytechnic to date. In the efforts to develop the Ahmad Dahlan University electric car team, they are still experiencing problems in the monitoring process of measuring the current and voltage emitted by the electric car. In monitoring systems, current and voltage measurements are usually still done manually and must be in direct contact with the object. This results in the process of controlling an electric car being long and less efficient. With a data monitoring and control system, the results of current and voltage measurements can be carried out in real time using a computer as a medium for monitoring readings of current, voltage and electrical energy [18]-[20].

2. METHOD

1. Software Design

The flowchart starts from the voltage sensor which reads the voltage from the battery, then the current sensor which reads the current load from the bldc motor. After the sensor is read, the sensor will send data to the NodeMCU ESP32, then the NodeMCU ESP32 will send data to the output, namely IoT ThingSpeak which will display voltage and current data by requiring an internet connection also the NodeMCU ESP32 sends data to telemetry which will display the data to the serial monitor and I2C LCD. The flow diagram and tool block diagram can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1. Flowchart

Figure 2. Block diagrams

2. Wiring Diagram

Wiring diagrams are made to understand the wiring paths in the system being created in order to minimize errors in connecting one component to another. Specifications and wiring diagram images can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 3.

Tabel 1. Wiring diagram specifications

Figure 3. Wiring diagram

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  

1. Voltage Sensor and Multimeter Testing

Voltage testing is carried out to observe the voltage on a car battery with a capacity of 46.60V. The part observed is the voltage of the car when it is on and running (10 seconds). The voltage sensor testing process is carried out by placing the voltage sensor on the battery and then connecting the sensor to the laptop to observe the voltage via the I2C LCD. In testing the voltage sensor, a voltage sensor is used which is made using a 100V capacity resistor connected in series. The test results are presented in Table 2 and also Figure 4.

Tabel 2. Voltage Sensor and Multimeter Testing

Figure 4. Voltage sensor and multimeter testing graph

2. Voltage Testing Using IoT ThingSpeak

The ThingSpeak voltage test was carried out to observe the voltage on a car battery with a capacity of 46.60V. The part that is observed is the voltage of the car when it is turned on. The ThingSpeak testing process, where the voltage sensor is carried out by placing the voltage sensor on the battery, then connecting the sensor to the laptop, requires an internet connection. It also has a delay value of 15 seconds for each reception of data sent from the NodeMCU ESP32. In the ThingSpeak test, a voltage sensor is used which is made using a 100V resistor connected in series. The test results are presented in the form of Table 3 and also Figure 5.

Table 3. Voltage testing using IoT ThingSpeak

Figure 5. Voltage testing using IoT ThingSpeak graph

3.  Voltage Testing Using Telemetry

Voltage testing using 433MHz Telemetry was carried out to observe the voltage on a car battery with a capacity of 46.48V. The part that is observed is the voltage of the car when it is turned on. The Telemetry testing process, where the voltage sensor is carried out by placing the voltage sensor on the battery, then the sensor is connected to the laptop without requiring an internet connection, also has a delay value of 1 second in real time for each reception. data sent from the ESP32 NodeMCU. In Telemetry testing, a voltage sensor is used which is made using a resistor with a capacity of 100V connected in series. The test results are presented in Table 4 and also Figure 6.

Table 4. Voltage testing using telemetry

Figure 6. Voltage testing using telemetry graph

4. Current Sensor and Multimeter Testing

Current testing is carried out to observe the current in a car battery with a capacity of 1.482A. The part observed is the voltage of the car when it is on and running (10 seconds). The current sensor testing process is carried out by placing the current sensor on the battery and then connecting the sensor to the laptop to observe the current via the I2C LCD. In testing the current sensor, a current sensor is used which is made using a resistor with a capacity of 12A which is connected in series by dividing the total voltage of 48V by the resistance of 615.000Ω on the resistor to obtain the total current that can be generated. read is 12A. The test results are presented in Table 5 and also Figure 7.

Table 5. Current sensor and multimeter testing

Figure 7. Current sensor and multimeter testing raph

5. Current Testing Using IoT ThingSpeak

The ThingSpeak current test was carried out to observe the current in a car battery with a capacity of 1.408A. The part that is observed is the flow of cars while running. In testing the current sensor, a current sensor is used which is made using a resistor with a capacity of 12A which is connected in series by dividing the total voltage of 48V by the resistance of 615.000Ω on the resistor so that the total current that can be read is 12A. Then the current sensor is connected to the laptop and requires an internet connection. It also has a delay value of 15 seconds for each reception of data sent from the NodeMCU ESP32. The test results are presented in Table 6 and also in Figure 8.

Table 6. Current testing using IoT ThingSpeak

Figure 8. Current Testing Using IoT ThingSpeak Graph

6. Current Testing Using Telemetry

Current testing using 433MHz Telemetry was carried out to observe the current in a car battery with a capacity of 1.482A. The part that is observed is the flow of cars while running. In testing the current sensor, a current sensor is used which is made using a resistor with a capacity of 12A which is connected in series by dividing the total voltage of 48V by the resistance of 615.000Ω on the resistor so that the total current that can be read is 12A. Then the current sensor is connected to the laptop without requiring an internet connection and also has a delay value of 1 second in real time every time it receives data sent from the NodeMCU ESP32. The test results are presented in Table 7 and also Figure 9.

Table 7. Current testing using telemetry

Figure 9. Current testing using telemetry graph

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the research that has been carried out, several conclusions can be drawn, namely. Electric car battery usage monitoring system to display voltage and current where the sensors used in taking readings have a good level of accuracy because the sum of each error value on the sensor does not exceed 2. IoT ThingSpeak as a development device. The result is that the tool made can monitor voltage and current with a maximum delay of 15 seconds from a long distance as long as it is connected to an internet connection. Radio Telemetry as a receiver for sending data readings from voltage and current sensors which to ESP32 can be displayed on a serial monitor and LCD 12C in realtime has a delay of 1 second and a distance limit of 5 km without requiring an internet connection.

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