Journal of Biotechnology and Natural Science

Antagonistic Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Stems and Leaves against Colletotrichum sp.

2024-01-13T05:12:26+00:00

Colletotrichum sp. is one of the type pathogenic fumgi that can cause antachnose diseases. One of the plants that can be attacked by antrachnose is cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). This study attempts to determine the ability of endophytic fungi from the stems and leaves cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). Methods: This study used dual culture method to determine the percentage of resistence to patogen Colletotrichum sp. and the area of growth endophytic fungi planted on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). Results:. There are 3 isolates from the stems and leaves of cayenne pepper that is JE-B4-C, JE-D5-C, dan JE-B1-C. Among all the isolates, the largest percentage of inhibition and growth area endophytic fungi were found in isolate JE-B4-C with each of 29,41% dan 58,04 cm². Conclusions: Expected isolates JE-B4-C derived from the genus eupenicillium, while isolates JE-D5-C and JE-B1-C respectively derived from the genus Aspergillus and Neoscytalidium.

Macrofungi Diversity in Wisdom Park UGM, Yogyakarta

2024-01-06T13:17:03+00:00

Indonesia's warm and humid tropical climate provides an ideal setting for the flourishing of fungi. Fungi are pivotal in the intricate balance of nutrient cycles and soil fertility within forest ecosystems. They can be broadly categorized into two types: microscopic fungi, which are minuscule and require observation under a microscope, and macroscopic fungi, which can be identified based on visible morphological features without additional tools. Forests, with their limited sunlight and high humidity due to the dense canopy of trees, serve as fertile grounds for a myriad of fungal species. This research aims to analyze fungal diversity using the exploratory survey method, involving direct search and observation of macrofungi. The sampling was conducted in May 2023 within the Wisdom Park UGM area, covering an area of 3,762.12 m² with coordinates 7° 46'09"S 110°22'59"E. The findings revealed a commendable diversity in terms of shape and size. However, the color palette of fungi in the area exhibited limited variation, primarily consisting of subdued white and brown hues. Some identified fungal species include Ganoderma sp., Mycena sp., Trametes sp., Lepiota cristata, and Panaeolus fimicola. These fungi predominantly thrived on substrates such as trees, soil, leaf litter, and decaying wood.

Microplastic Contamination of Rainwater on the Highway with Different Elevations in Yogyakarta Province Indonesia

2024-01-06T12:40:33+00:00

Abrasion of vehicle tires produced on highways on the imaginary line of Yogyakarta from Bantul up to Sleman Regency with different elevations has the potential to be a source of microplastics in the air and can contaminate rainwater. This study aims to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in rainwater that falls on highways with different elevations in Yogyakarta Province. The study began with determining the sampling point and taking rainwater samples on the highway around Bantul Market, Tugu Monument, and Kaliurang km 14. Eight samples on different days were taken at each sampling point, as much as 250 mL/sample. Rainwater samples were filtered, microplastic abundance was calculated (particles/L), and grouped based on the shape, color, size, and polymer type. The content of microplastics on highways at different elevations in Yogyakarta Province was not significantly different, with an abundance range ranging from 200 to 484 particles/L. Vehicle density, light intensity, air temperature, and wind speed correlated with the abundance of microplastics in rainwater. The dominant characteristic is black fiber, 101-500 µm, and polyisoprene. Microplastics in rainwater that fell on the highways of Yogyakarta Province with varying elevations did not have different abundances but had the same characteristics.

The Effectiveness of Solid Waste Extract from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a Bioinsecticide for Controlling Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Pests on Pomelo Plants

2024-01-15T09:46:18+00:00

This research aims to analyze the effect of lemongrass waste extract on the mortality of whitefly and determine the optimal concentration of lemongrass waste extract to eradicate whiteflies within 24 hours. Lemongrass waste extract (leaves and stems) can be obtained through extraction using maceration. The waste is dried and ground to 60 mesh, then dissolved in 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents at a ratio of 1:8 (w/v). Extraction is carried out over variable times of 2, 4, and 6 days. The optimal results are then used to create concentrations by dissolving 250 ml of distilled water in the mother solution, resulting in test solutions of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 mg/L. Observations on the treatments are conducted after 24 hours, and the number of dead whiteflies is counted. Subsequently, the mortality of the whiteflies is analyzed. Based on the research findings, the highest mortality percentage after 24 hours is observed in the ethanol extract, with a dose of 1200 mg/L at 81.81%. After determining the mortality rates, probit analysis is conducted to determine the LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) value. The optimal concentration for ethanol extract is found to be 1200 mg/L, with an LC50 of 885.102 mg/L. This indicates that lemongrass waste extract is moderately toxic to whiteflies.

Larvicidal Activity of 96% Ethanol Extract of Arabica Coffee Fruit Peel (Coffea arabica L.) on Mortality of Housefly Larvae (Musca domestica)

2024-01-18T06:29:44+00:00

Houseflies (M. domestica) are vectors of disease in humans and animals, so vegetable insecticides are needed that can be used to control M. domestica populations, one of which is Arabica coffee fruit peel extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving various concentrations of 96% ethanol extract of Arabica coffee fruit peel on the mortality of M. domestica larvae, as well as calculating the LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ values of M. domestica larval mortality. The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) using 20 third instar larvae of M. domestica. The concentration variations of Arabica coffee fruit peel extract tested were 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 0% as control with 3 replicates using the feeding assay method. Larval mortality was observed for 48 hours (hour 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48) post extract. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test and probit analysis of LC₅₀ and LT₅₀. The results showed a significance value >0.05, meaning that there was no significant difference in the mortality of third instar larvae of M. domestica between treatments. The LC₅₀ value obtained was 0.01%. LT₅₀ values at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% were 274.52 hours, 134.90 hours, 532.20 hours and 0 hours, respectively. The conclusion of this study is that 96% ethanol extract of Arabica coffee fruit peel has no effect on the mortality of M. domestica larvae, the concentration of Arabica coffee fruit peel extract that causes the fastest death of M. domestica larvae is 0.1%, and LT₅₀ at extract concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% is 274.52 hours, 134.90 hours, and 532.20 hours, at 0% and 1% concentrations have no LT₅₀ value.