Analysis of Poverty in Kulon Progo DIY

Kulon Progo Regency is one of the regencies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta which has a very high percentage of poverty rates. The problem of poverty in Kulon Progo Regency has not yet been resolved. In fact, compared to other regencies/cities in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the percentage of poor people in Kulon Progo Regency ranks the highest. Various poverty reduction policies have been carried out by the district and provincial governments to reduce poverty rates, but still have not shown significant results. This condition is interesting to analyze considering that poverty policies have not yet had an impact on the condition of Kulon Progo. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of poverty in Kulon Progo. This study uses a mixed research approach, namely research that combines quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The results of this study indicate that the inherent characteristics of households in Kulon Progo affect the level of poverty. This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license. Article history Received 2021-10-04 Revised 2021-10-27 Accepted 2021-11-02


Introduction
Kulon Progo Regency is one of the regencies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province which has a very high percentage of poverty rates. The problem of poverty in Kulon Progo Regency has not yet been resolved. In fact, compared to other regencies/cities in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the percentage of poor people in Kulon Progo Regency in 2016-2017 ranks the highest, beating Gunung Kidul Regency (see table 1). When compared with the poverty rate of the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Indonesia, the poverty rate of Kulon Progo Regency is far above, even almost double the national poverty rate (see table 2).  In general, poverty is the inability of a person to meet basic basic needs in every aspect of life.
The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) defines poverty as the inability from an economic point of view to meet basic food and non-food needs as measured from the expenditure side. According to the World Bank (2005) the causes of poverty include: (i) Regional characteristics, including: regional inequality, regional isolation, regional infrastructure conditions, climate, environment, and local government governance; (ii) Community characteristics, including: availability of infrastructure, land distribution, accessibility to public facilities, social structure, and capital structure; (iii) Household characteristics, including: household dependency ratio, gender of the head of the household, labor and household income structure, asset ownership, average level of education and health of household members; and (iv) individual characteristics, including: age, education, workforce, health status, and ethnicity.
Several similar studies have been conducted, including research by Saragih (2015) on poverty alleviation policies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. According to Saragih (2015), several efforts need to be made to alleviate poverty in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including creating new jobs, increasing business opportunities for the poor, and increasing the budget for both the state budget and regional budgets. In addition, Zamhari et al (2015) conducted a study on the determinants of poverty in East Java and found that the determinants of poverty that had a significant effect on poverty in East Java were the number of family members, telecommunication facilities and the status of the household area.
Considering the high level of poverty in Kulon Progo Regency, it is necessary to conduct a study related to poverty. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the development of poverty conditions and determine the determinants of poverty in Kulon Progo so that this research provides a new contribution to the previous literature.

Literature Review
Several similar studies have been conducted, including research by Saragih (2015) on poverty alleviation policies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. According to Saragih (2015), several efforts need to be made to alleviate poverty in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including creating new jobs, increasing business opportunities for the poor, and increasing the budget for both the state budget and regional budgets. In addition, Zamhari et al (2015) conducted a study on the determinants of poverty in East Java and found that the determinants of poverty that had a significant effect on poverty in East Java were the number of family members, telecommunication facilities and the status of the household area. Niswati (2014) conducted a study on the factors that influence poverty in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2003-2011 and found that the cause of high poverty in Yogyakarta was the low level of education and health which led to low labor productivity. The wages received by workers are also below the regional minimum wage.
Meanwhile, inflation has continued to rise over the past few years. Meanwhile, the variables of education, inflation and the regional minimum wage have no effect on poverty in DIY. The variables of health and labor productivity have a negative effect on poverty in DIY and the regional minimum wage has a positive effect on poverty in DIY. Puspita (2014) conducted a study on the analysis of the determinants of poverty in Central Java Province and found that the number of unemployed, GRDP and total population had a significant effect on poverty. Meanwhile, Djannata (tt) conducted research on the analysis of poverty reduction programs according to SKPD (Regional Work Units) in Semarang City using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. He found that the JAMKESMAS program was the main priority with the highest weight of the ten alternative policies in an effort to reduce poverty in the city of Semarang.

Research Methods
This study uses a mixed research approach, namely research that combines quantitative and qualitative research approaches. According to Sugiyono (2014), combined research (mix methods) is a research method that combines or combines quantitative methods with qualitative methods to be used together in a research activity, in order to obtain more comprehensive, valid, reliable and objective data.
The type of data used in this research is secondary data. Secondary data that will be used

Result and Discussion
To find out the factors that influence poverty in Kulon Progo, this study uses micro data sets at the household level. Based on descriptive statistical analysis, the sample used in this study can be seen in table 4.  that the highest per capita household expenditure is in the interval 0 to Rp. 1,000,000,-where the head of the household works with non-employee status (see Figure 1). While the highest education of the head of the family is dominated by elementary school graduates. For details on the pattern of data distribution from each independent variable, it can be seen in the following  Non Pegawai Pegawai a negative relationship. This is especially interesting for the length of schooling with a negative effect explaining that people with higher education actually have lower expenditures than other residents. This is interesting because it indicates that productivity is higher not in higher household heads but on the contrary. Another significant variable is DDK which shows that per capita expenditure is higher in rural areas than in cities with a difference of 0.2%. Efforts to reduce the number of regional poverty are carried out through the regional program "Program for Strengthening the local economy through community economic empowerment with the spirit of buying and selling Kulon Progo. Thus, OPD programs lead to the achievement of these targets. The programs that lead to these targets consist of protection and social empowerment, women's empowerment and child protection, food, community and village empowerment, small and medium business cooperatives, investment, marine fisheries, tourism, agriculture, trade, industry, and transmigration.

Conclussion
The results of this study indicate that the poverty alleviation efforts carried out by the Kulon Progo district government still need to be continued and improved. Although the policies and programs that have been taken have targeted the basic service sector such as education and employment, the results are still not satisfactory. This can be seen from the results of testing with regression where the independent variables at the household level have not given results as expected.
Based on the conclusions above, there are several recommendations that can be taken into consideration for the Kulon Progo Regency government, including the government needs to focus on efforts to provide employment opportunities that can accommodate workers with medium skill and knowledge levels to reduce the rate of regional emigration. The expenditure of poor households which tends to be higher in the village needs to be investigated further regarding the causes so that more targeted policies can be given.